Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2025; 16(8): 106664
Published online Aug 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664

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Figure 1 Study profile. Apolipoprotein E genotype and glycated hemoglobin level in peripheral blood samples were assessed from 636 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cognitive and olfactory functions, primarily mediated by the temporal lobe (dashed-line box), were evaluated using the mini-mental state examination and the Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center test, respectively. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; APOE: Apolipoprotein E.

Citation: Wang YR, Gao Y, Liu YC, Xu ZP, Wang YY, Xu HB, Wang JZ, Zhang Y. Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(8): 106664
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i8/106664.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664