Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2025; 16(8): 106664
Published online Aug 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664

Table 7 Joint associations and additive interactions of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 with high glycated hemoglobin on the risk of cognitive impairment

Variables	Joint associations			Addictive interactions (APOE4 +)
Variables	Number	APOE4 -	APOE4 +	RERI (95%CI)	AP (95%CI)
Overall CI	165
High HbA1c	111	1.291 (0.846-1.972)	3.364 (1.163-9.737)	2.308 (0.178-4.439)	0.673 (0.371-0.975)
Low HbA1c	54	0.774 (0.507-1.183)	0.297 (0.103-0.860)

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; APOE4: Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4; CI: Cognitive impairment; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; RERI: Relative excess risk due to interaction; AP: Attributable proportion.

Citation: Wang YR, Gao Y, Liu YC, Xu ZP, Wang YY, Xu HB, Wang JZ, Zhang Y. Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(8): 106664
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i8/106664.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664