Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes

Table 6 Interaction between apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and glycated hemoglobin on cognitive and olfactory function

Variable	Cognitive impairment		Olfactory dysfunction (OTS ≤ 2)
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Model 1 interaction (APOE4 HbA1c)	2.667 (1.725-4.122)	< 0.001	1.489 (1.084-2.047)	0.014
Model 2 interaction (APOE4 HbA1c)	2.714 (1.747-4.216)	< 0.001	1.490 (1.084-2.049)	0.014
Model 3 interaction (APOE4 HbA1c)	2.687 (1.725-4.187)	< 0.001	1.440 (1.042-1.990)	0.027

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; APOE4: Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; OTS: Olfactory threshold score. Model 1 includes apolipoprotein E epsilon 4, glycated hemoglobin and interaction. Model 2 includes apolipoprotein E epsilon 4, glycated hemoglobin, interaction, age, and gender. Model 3 includes apolipoprotein E epsilon 4, glycated hemoglobin, interaction, age, gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia coronary artery disease and diabetes duration.