Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Association of glycated hemoglobin with cognitive and olfactory function analyzed by logistic regression

Outcome	Variable	Model	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
CI	HbA1c	Model 1	0.137	0.047	8.533	0.003	1.147	1.046-1.258
	HbA1c	Model 2	0.165	0.049	11.474	< 0.001	1.18	1.072-1.298
	HbA1c	Model 3	0.173	0.050	12.194	< 0.001	1.189	1.079-1.310
OD	HbA1c	Model 1	0.094	0.052	3.227	0.072	1.099	0.991-1.217
	HbA1c	Model 2	0.107	0.053	4.085	0.043	1.113	1.003-1.235
	HbA1c	Model 3	0.139	0.055	6.418	0.011	1.149	1.032-1.280

CI: Cognitive impairment; OD: Olfactory dysfunction (olfactory threshold scores ≤ 2); OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval. Model 1 includes glycated hemoglobin. Model 2 includes glycated hemoglobin, age, and gender. Model 3 includes glycated hemoglobin, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4, age, gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and diabetes duration.