Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2025; 16(8): 106664
Published online Aug 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the cohort grouped by apolipoprotein E genotypes, mean ± SD/n (%)

Characteristics	All patients	APOE genotype		P value
Characteristics	All patients	Non-APOE4 carriers	APOE4 carriers	P value
Number of subjects	636	551	85
Age (years)	64.17 ± 7.59	64.12 ± 7.6	64.54 ± 7.57	0.6328
Gender (male, %)	234 (36.8)	204 (37)	30 (35.3)	0.7580
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)	7.83 ± 1.86	7.87 ± 1.89	7.55 ± 1.68	0.1454
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	9.08 ± 3.56	9.13 ± 3.66	8.8 ± 2.78	0.4243
Hypertension (yes)	356 (56)	306 (55.5)	50 (58.8)	0.5700
Hyperlipidemia (yes)	127 (20)	110 (20)	17 (20)	0.9940
Coronary artery disease (yes)	70 (11)	60 (10.9)	10 (11.8)	0.8100
Diabetes duration (years)	8.39 ± 6.8	8.27 (6.56)	9.14 (8.18)	0.2756
OTS	5.41 ± 2.29	5.48 (2.23)	4.93 (2.6)	0.0383
OTS, range (0-2)	118 (18.6)	91 (16.5)	27 (31.8)	< 0.0010
OTS, range (3-5)	89 (14)	81 (14.7)	8 (9.4)	0.1950
OTS, range (6-8)	429 (67.5)	379 (68.8)	50 (58.8)	0.0700
MMSE score	27.49 ± 2.4	27.57 ± 2.4	27 ± 2.37	0.0424
CN (MMSE ≥ 27)	471 (74.1)	416 (75.5)	55 (64.7)	0.0360
CI (MMSE < 27)	165 (25.9)	135 (24.5)	30 (35.3)	0.0360

APOE4: Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; OTS: Olfactory threshold score; CN: Cognition normal; CI: Cognition impairment.

Citation: Wang YR, Gao Y, Liu YC, Xu ZP, Wang YY, Xu HB, Wang JZ, Zhang Y. Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(8): 106664
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i8/106664.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i8.106664