Identification and mechanistic insights of ubiquitin-proteasome system and pyroptosis-related biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figure 1 Differential expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis in the GSE76894 dataset. A: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and normal control (NC) samples. The horizontal axis, log2 (fold change), represented the logarithm to the base 2 of the fold change in gene expression between T2DM samples and NC samples. The vertical axis, -log10 (P value), was used to measure the significance of the differences. The smaller the P value, the larger the -log10 (P value), and the more significant the differential gene expression was. Red represented genes with up-egulated expression, while green represented genes with downregulated expression; B: Heatmap of the distribution of DEGs between T2DM and NC samples. In the upper area, the horizontal axis represented different samples, the vertical axis represented gene expression levels, the waveform plot showed the distribution density of gene expression, and the black dashed lines corresponded, from bottom to top, to the gene expression levels of the 0%, 25%, 50% (mean), 75%, and 100% quantiles; C: G of Gene Ontology (GO) terms enriched in DEGs. The regions of different colors respectively represented GO entries related to biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Each rectangular block represented a specific GO term, and generally, the size of its area was associated with the number of genes enriched in that term; D: Graph of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enriched by DEGs. Regions in different colors represented different KEGG pathways. Each rectangular block represented a specific KEGG pathway, and the size of its area was usually related to the number of genes enriched in that pathway.