Exercise intensity and the risk of end-stage renal disease in diabetes: A nationwide population-based study

Table 3 Baseline characteristics of study population by exercise intensity

Variables/MET (min/week)	0 (n = 572290)	1-499 (n = 705215)	500-999 (n = 731798)	1000-1499 (n = 310973)	≥ 1500 (n = 174755)	P value
Age	61.55 ± 12.18	58.61 ± 12.17	59.06 ± 12.02	58.74 ± 11.3	60.93 ± 10.86	< 0.0001
Age group						< 0.0001
< 40	20308 (3.55)	39493 (5.6)	40420 (5.52)	15084 (4.85)	5781 (3.31)
40-64	324181 (56.65)	443248 (62.85)	446531 (61.02)	198691 (63.89)	101421 (58.04)
≥ 65	227801 (39.81)	222474 (31.55)	244847 (33.46)	97198 (31.26)	67553 (38.66)
Sex male (%)	302373 (52.84)	411840 (58.4)	459889 (62.84)	207056 (66.58)	120877 (69.17)	< 0.0001
Low income1	135748 (23.72)	149801 (21.24)	152920 (20.9)	62674 (20.15)	35224 (20.16)	< 0.0001
Smoking						< 0.0001
Never	354678 (61.98)	388019 (55.02)	382636 (52.29)	156832 (50.43)	90422 (51.74)
Ex-	87965 (15.37)	150711 (21.37)	180327 (24.64)	88686 (28.52)	51870 (29.68)
Current	129647 (22.65)	166485 (23.61)	168835 (23.07)	65455 (21.05)	32463 (18.58)
Drinking						< 0.0001
None	381736 (66.7)	402174 (57.03)	398383 (54.44)	161354 (51.89)	96115 (55)
Moderate	136879 (23.92)	240927 (34.16)	266239 (36.38)	121719 (39.14)	62158 (35.57)
Heavy2	53675 (9.38)	62114 (8.81)	67176 (9.18)	27900 (8.97)	16482 (9.43)
Regular exercise	0 (0)	9754 (1.38)	89956 (12.29)	267037 (85.87)	174755 (100)	< 0.0001
Hypertension	351028 (61.34)	399757 (56.69)	417175 (57.01)	174445 (56.1)	102436 (58.62)	< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia	331813 (57.98)	406736 (57.68)	415042 (56.72)	175765 (56.52)	98700 (56.48)	< 0.0001
CKD3	68870 (12.03)	65189 (9.24)	64770 (8.85)	24924 (8.01)	16057 (9.19)	< 0.0001
Proteinuria	42377 (7.4)	49028 (6.95)	48986 (6.69)	19388 (6.23)	10904 (6.24)	< 0.0001
SBP (mmHg)	128.75 ± 15.51	128.22 ± 14.97	128.48 ± 14.9	128.27 ± 14.65	128.65 ± 14.84	< 0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	77.96 ± 10.04	78.26 ± 9.98	78.14 ± 9.95	78 ± 9.79	77.59 ± 9.79	< 0.0001
DM medication	416149 (72.72)	492161 (69.79)	515255 (70.41)	219636 (70.63)	129599 (74.16)	< 0.0001
OHA ≥ 3	141666 (24.75)	166098 (23.55)	168821 (23.07)	69974 (22.5)	40569 (23.21)	< 0.0001
Metformin	376811 (65.84)	450165 (63.83)	469403 (64.14)	199852 (64.27)	116508 (66.67)	< 0.0001
SGLT-2 inhibitor	15152 (2.65)	19962 (2.83)	19079 (2.61)	8073 (2.6)	4136 (2.37)	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)	25.38 ± 3.69	25.48 ± 3.6	25.3 ± 3.5	25.2 ± 3.37	24.95 ± 3.22	< 0.0001
WC (cm)	86.45 ± 9.27	86.44 ± 9.1	86.1 ± 8.88	85.66 ± 8.67	85.27 ± 8.47	< 0.0001
DM duration						< 0.0001
New onset	156141 (27.28)	213054 (30.21)	216543 (29.59)	91337 (29.37)	45156 (25.84)
< 5 years	158290 (27.66)	195372 (27.7)	196962 (26.91)	82296 (26.46)	44117 (25.25)
5-9 years	114441 (20)	136083 (19.3)	142641 (19.49)	61138 (19.66)	35642 (20.4)
≥ 10 years	143418 (25.06)	160706 (22.79)	175652 (24)	76202 (24.5)	49840 (28.52)
FBS (mg/dL)	145.15 ± 48.36	146.16 ± 46.64	144.32 ± 44.93	142.82 ± 42.52	140.41 ± 41.09	< 0.0001
TC (mg/dL)	185.61 ± 44.33	186.75 ± 44.17	185.21 ± 43.47	183.88 ± 42.77	180.93 ± 41.95	< 0.0001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	50.5 ± 14.73	50.51 ± 14.5	51.18 ± 14.7	51.68 ± 14.82	52.15 ± 15.26	< 0.0001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	103.35 ± 39.06	104.16 ± 38.79	102.98 ± 38.17	102.25 ± 37.6	100.49 ± 36.83	< 0.0001
eGFR	87.82 ± 49.04	89.88 ± 54.14	90.05 ± 53.23	90.35 ± 55.92	89.03 ± 54.37	< 0.0001
TG (mg/dL)4	140.72 (140.52-140.93)	142.5 (142.31-142.69)	137.04 (136.86-137.22)	131.75 (131.49-132.02)	123.62 (123.29-123.95)	< 0.0001

¹Low income 25%.

²Alcohol consumptions ≥ 30 g/day.

³Estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² using MDRD formula.

⁴Geometric mean (95% confidential interval).

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; DM: Diabetes mellitus; OHA: Oral hypoglycemic agents; SGLT: Sodium-glucose cotransporter; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; FBS: Fasting blood glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; TG: Triglyceride; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; MET: Metabolic equivalents of tasks.