Exercise intensity and the risk of end-stage renal disease in diabetes: A nationwide population-based study

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study population by diabetes mellitus duration

Variables	New onset (n = 722231)	< 5 years (n = 677037)	5-9 years (n = 489945)	≥ 10 years (n = 605818)	P value
Age	53.72 ± 12.36	58.75 ± 11.32	62.09 ± 10.54	65.53 ± 9.77	< 0.0001
Age group					< 0.0001
< 40	85092 (11.78)	26721 (3.95)	6488 (1.32)	2785 (0.46)
40-64	504540 (69.86)	446861 (66)	286658 (58.51)	276013 (45.56)
≥ 65	132599 (18.36)	203455 (30.05)	196799 (40.17)	327020 (53.98)
Sex male (%)	501523 (69.44)	388124 (57.33)	277851 (56.71)	334537 (55.22)	< 0.0001
Low income1	149558 (20.71)	148265 (21.9)	111167 (22.69)	127377 (21.03)	< 0.0001
Smoking					< 0.0001
Never	337007 (46.66)	377005 (55.68)	283606 (57.89)	374969 (61.89)
Ex-	163967 (22.7)	150191 (22.18)	110089 (22.47)	135312 (22.34)
Current	221257 (30.64)	149841 (22.13)	96250 (19.65)	95537 (15.77)
Drinking					< 0.0001
None	306986 (42.51)	404179 (59.7)	309644 (63.2)	418953 (69.15)
Moderate	318767 (44.14)	214381 (31.66)	143223 (29.23)	151551 (25.02)
Heavy2	96478 (13.36)	58477 (8.64)	37078 (7.57)	35314 (5.83)
Regular exercise	147260 (20.39)	141581 (20.91)	109065 (22.26)	143596 (23.7)	< 0.0001
Hypertension	318886 (44.15)	396558 (58.57)	316466 (64.59)	412931 (68.16)	< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia	258643 (35.81)	447804 (66.14)	322958 (65.92)	398651 (65.8)	< 0.0001
CKD3	33398 (4.62)	45686 (6.75)	51080 (10.43)	109646 (18.1)	< 0.0001
Proteinuria	38161 (5.28)	37292 (5.51)	31993 (6.53)	63237 (10.44)	< 0.0001
SBP (mmHg)	129.44 ± 15.27	127.7 ± 14.66	127.98 ± 14.77	128.5 ± 15.3	< 0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	80.31 ± 10.31	78.36 ± 9.68	77.3 ± 9.48	75.73 ± 9.57	< 0.0001
DM medication	None	677037 (100)	489945 (100)	605818 (100)	< 0.0001
OHA ≥ 3	None	122456 (18.09)	166263 (33.94)	296615 (48.96)	< 0.0001
Metformin	None	621307 (91.77)	443228 (90.46)	540323 (89.19)	< 0.0001
SGLT-2 inhibitor	None	26509 (3.92)	16904 (3.45)	22732 (3.75)	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)	25.59 ± 3.71	25.77 ± 3.61	25.29 ± 3.4	24.57 ± 3.23	< 0.0001
BMI-level					< 0.0001
< 18.5	10909 (1.51)	6977 (1.03)	5778 (1.18)	10082 (1.66)
18.5-23	154876 (21.44)	132903 (19.63)	113133 (23.09)	180810 (29.85)
23-25	163960 (22.7)	156199 (23.07)	122022 (24.91)	160905 (26.56)
25-30	311871 (43.18)	302572 (44.69)	206796 (42.21)	220089 (36.33)
≥ 30	80615 (11.16)	78386 (11.58)	42216 (8.62)	33932 (5.6)
WC (cm)	22.87 ± 3.19	24.27 ± 3.24	25.18 ± 3.34	25.71 ± 4.75	< 0.0001
WC level (M/F)					< 0.0001
< 80/75	119073 (16.49)	84582 (12.49)	65915 (13.45)	95204 (15.71)
< 85/80	147428 (20.41)	125227 (18.5)	94982 (19.39)	126214 (20.83)
< 90/85	173565 (24.03)	164474 (24.29)	120917 (24.68)	150216 (24.8)
< 95/90	136216 (18.86)	138283 (20.42)	99184 (20.24)	116400 (19.21)
< 100/95	79117 (10.95)	87794 (12.97)	60251 (12.3)	67084 (11.07)
≥ 100/95	66832 (9.25)	76677 (11.33)	48696 (9.94)	50700 (8.37)
FBS (mg/dL)	151.55 ± 39.14	137.74 ± 46.25	140.25 ± 45.05	147.38 ± 51.13	< 0.0001
TC (mg/dL)	207.12 ± 41.98	184.24 ± 43.26	174.27 ± 39.29	169.26 ± 38.74	< 0.0001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	52.62 ± 16.28	50.62 ± 14.18	50.34 ± 13.73	49.88 ± 13.92	< 0.0001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	119.45 ± 38.36	102.28 ± 38.38	94.54 ± 35.01	91.57 ± 34.23	< 0.0001
eGFR	93.6 ± 59.94	91.59 ± 51.48	88.39 ± 49.71	83 ± 47.49	< 0.0001
TG (mg/dL)4	156.25 (156.03-156.46)	139.11 (138.93-139.29)	130.23 (130.03-130.42)	122.61 (122.44-122.77)	< 0.0001

¹Low income 25%.

²Alcohol consumptions ≥ 30 g/day.

³Estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² using MDRD formula.

⁴Geometric mean (95% confidential interval).

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; DM: Diabetes mellitus; OHA: Oral hypoglycemic agents; SGLT: Sodium-glucose cotransporter; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; FBS: Fasting blood glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; TG: Triglyceride; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.