Exercise intensity and the risk of end-stage renal disease in diabetes: A nationwide population-based study

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.108344

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2025; 16(7): 108344
Published online Jul 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.108344

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects according to the incident end-stage renal disease

Variable	None ESRD (n = 2471672)	ESRD (n = 23359)	P value	Variable	None ESRD (n = 2471672)	ESRD (n = 23359)	P value
Age	59.56 ± 12	63.43 ± 11.4	0.0001	DM duration			0.0001
Age group			0.0001	New onset	720322 (29.14)	1909 (8.17)
< 40	120544 (4.88)	542 (2.32)		< 5 years	674433 (27.29)	2604 (11.15)
40-64	1502637 (60.79)	11435 (48.95)		5-9 years	485967 (19.66)	3978 (17.03)
≥ 65	848491 (34.33)	11382 (48.73)		≥ 10 years	590950 (23.91)	14868 (63.65)
Sex male (%)	1486398 (60.14%)	15637 (66.94%)	0.0001	BMI (kg/m²)	25.34 ± 3.54	25 ± 3.67	0.0001
Low income¹	530489 (21.46)	5878 (25.16)	0.0001	BMI_5 level			0.0001
Smoking			0.0001	< 18.5	33269 (1.35)	477 (2.04)
Never	1360211 (55.03)	12376 (52.98)		18.5-23	575343 (23.28)	6379 (27.31)
Ex-	553739 (22.4)	5820 (24.92)		23-25	597529 (24.18)	5557 (23.79)
Current	557722 (22.56)	5163 (22.1)		25-30	1032471 (41.77)	8857 (37.92)
Drinking			0.0001	≥ 30	233060 (9.43)	2089 (8.94)
None	1423230 (57.58)	16532 (70.77)		WC cm	86.15 ± 8.98	87.08 ± 9.54	0.0001
Moderate	822332 (33.27)	5590 (23.93)		WC level (M/F)			0.0001
Heavy²	226110 (9.15)	1237 (5.3)		< 80/75	361141 (14.61)	3633 (15.55)
Regular exercise	537065 (21.73)	4437 (18.99)	0.0001	< 85/80	489684 (19.81)	4167 (17.84)
Hypertension	1424600 (57.64)	20241 (86.65)	0.0001	< 90/85	604127 (24.44)	5045 (21.6)
Dyslipidemia	1411286 (57.1)	16770 (71.79)	0.0001	< 95/90	485423 (19.64)	4660 (19.95)
CKD³	223756 (9.05)	16054 (68.73)	0.0001	< 100/95	291335 (11.79)	2911 (12.46)
Proteinuria	156756 (6.34)	13927 (59.62)	0.0001	≥ 100/95	239962 (9.71)	2943 (12.6)
SBP (mmHg)	128.4 ± 14.99	134.66 ± 18.01	0.0001	FBS mg/dL	144.46 ± 45.34	156.02 ± 74.42	0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	78.08 ± 9.94	78.17 ± 11.13	0.0001	TC mg/dL	185.3 ± 43.63	181.57 ± 51.26	0.0001
DM medication	1751350 (70.86)	21450 (91.83)	0.0001	HDL-C mg/dL	51 ± 14.71	46.97 ± 14.97	0.0001
OHA ≥ 3	578752 (23.42)	8376 (35.86)	0.0001	LDL-C mg/dL	103.17 ± 38.36	99.19 ± 42.32	0.0001
Metformin	1598169 (64.66)	14570 (62.37)	0.0001	eGFR	89.81 ± 52.98	52.22 ± 40.69	0.0001
SGLT-2 inhibitor	65835 (2.66)	567 (2.43)	0.0256	TG (mg/dL)⁴	137.57 (137.47-137.66)	155.88 (154.77-157.01)	0.0001

¹Low income 25%.

²Alcohol consumptions ≥ 30 g/day.

³Estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² using MDRD formula.

⁴Geometric mean (95% confidential interval).

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; DM: Diabetes mellitus; OHA: Oral hypoglycemic agents; SGLT: Sodium-glucose cotransporter; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; FBS: Fasting blood glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; GFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m²) using MDRD formula; TG: Triglyceride; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Citation: Bae EH, Lim SY, Kim BS, Han KD, Suh SH, Choi HS, Kim CS, Ma SK, Kim SW. Exercise intensity and the risk of end-stage renal disease in diabetes: A nationwide population-based study. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(7): 108344
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i7/108344.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.108344