Predicting hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Insights from a nomogram model

Figure 2 Comparison of risk factors from Zhao et al’s nomogram[25] (left) with additional potential risk factors (right) for predicting hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nomogram incorporates age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, diabetes duration, and urine protein. Additional factors such as insulin resistance (e.g. homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, metabolic score for insulin resistance, triglyceride-glucose index), inflammatory markers [e.g. C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon-γ, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index], blood pressure (BP) variability (e.g. 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring, pulse wave velocity) and serum uric acid may further improve risk prediction beyond the original model. This figure was created by BioRender.com (Supplementary material). BMI: Body mass index; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; METS-IR: Metabolic score for insulin resistance; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL: Interleukin; ABPM: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; SII: Systemic immune-inflammation.