Predicting hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Insights from a nomogram model

Figure 1 Mechanisms contributing to increased susceptibility to hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Shared risk factors contribute to both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension. In T2DM, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia increase circulating plasma volume during early stages and promote vascular remodeling in later stages. The late stages are further characterized by increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, which together impair blood pressure regulation and elevate hypertension risk. RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SNS: Sympathetic nervous system.