Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors improve insulin resistance and β-cell function in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis

Table 5 Subgroup analyses for the influence of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes

Characteristic	Datasets (n)	Patients (n)	MD (95%CI)	I2 (%)	P for subgroup difference
Countries
Asian	15	1770	5.54 (3.99 to 7.10)	26
Non-Asian	2	461	20.86 (16.76 to 24.96)	0	< 0.001
Sample size
< 150	11	1056	6.64 (4.87 to 8.40)	0
≥ 150	9	1789	9.81 (5.02 to 14.60)	88	0.22
Mean age
< 58 years	11	1497	8.12 (4.57 to 11.67)	81
≥ 58 years	9	1348	7.61 (4.19 to 11.03)	61	0.84
Men
< 60%	10	1585	10.11 (5.14 to 15.08)	82
≥ 60%	10	1260	5.86 (3.93 to 7.78)	38	0.12
Baseline HbA1c
< 8.2%	12	1642	8.88 (6.08 to 11.69)	61
≥ 8.2%	8	1203	6.44 (2.15 to 10.73)	83	0.35
T2D duration
< 6.5 years	10	1246	8.50 (3.54 to 13.47)	84
≥ 6.5 years	8	1375	7.25 (4.59 to 9.91)	54	0.66
Concurrent antidiabetic treatments
No	11	1196	5.95 (4.19 to 7.70)	12
Yes	6	1160	7.11 (3.64 to 10.58)	64	0.56
SGLT2 inhibitor medications
Canagliflozin	2	224	6.49 (2.40 to 10.57)	29
Luseogliflozin	5	491	5.32 (2.59 to 8.05)	41
Ipragliflozin	5	827	5.72 (2.90 to 8.54)	46
Empagliflozin	4	923	17.13 (12.57 to 21.69)	53
Enavogliflozin	2	248	7.84 (0.48 to 15.19)	0	< 0.001
SGLT2 inhibitor dose
Low dose	11	1729	7.64 (4.52 to 10.77)	78
High dose	6	764	8.70 (3.21 to 14.19)	80	0.74
Treatment duration
12-16 weeks	9	940	6.13 (4.10 to 8.17)	29
24-52 weeks	11	1905	9.04 (4.70 to 13.37)	83	0.23

T2D: Type 2 diabetes; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; SGLT2: Sodium glucose transporter 2; MD: Mean difference; CI: Confidence interval.