Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors improve insulin resistance and β-cell function in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis

Table 3 Subgroup analyses for the influence of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes

Characteristic	Datasets (n)	Patients (n)	MD (95%CI)	I2 (%)	P for subgroup difference
Countries
Asian	16	1737	-0.83 (-1.08 to -0.58)	63
Non-Asian	3	535	-0.93 (-2.13 to 0.28)	85	0.88
Sample size
< 100	10	712	-0.61 (-0.89 to -0.32)	36
≥ 100	9	1560	-0.93 (-1.41 to -0.45)	91	0.26
Mean age
< 58 years	9	1342	-0.65 (-1.02 to -0.28)	84
≥ 58 years	9	821	-1.03 (-1.54 to -0.51)	75	0.24
Men
< 55%	9	1312	-0.79 (-1.37 to -0.21)	88
≥ 55%	10	960	-0.78 (-1.03 to -0.52)	54	0.97
Baseline HbA1c
< 8%	8	773	-1.07 (-1.51 to -0.64)	72
≥ 8%	11	1499	-0.62 (-0.97 to -0.27)	81	0.12
T2D duration
< 6.3 years	9	1169	-0.58 (-0.96 to -0.19)	80
≥ 6.3 years	7	788	-1.14 (-1.61 to -0.66)	76	0.08
Concurrent antidiabetic treatments
No	10	1077	-0.86 (-1.22 to -0.50)	75
Yes	9	1195	-0.74 (-1.17 to -0.31)	70	0.67
SGLT2 inhibitor medications
Dapagliflozin	5	735	-0.86 (-1.67 to -0.05)	87
Luseogliflozin	5	491	-0.62 (-0.94 to -0.29)	64
Ipragliflozin	2	307	-0.95 (-1.32 to -0.58)	0
Empagliflozin	4	387	-0.56 (-0.88 to -0.24)	1
Enavogliflozin	2	248	-1.69 (-2.60 to -0.77)	46	0.13
SGLT2 inhibitor dose
Low dose	8	895	-0.75 (-1.01 to -0.50)	34
High dose	8	1025	-0.65 (-1.07 to -0.22)	83	0.67
Treatment duration
12 weeks	11	1060	-0.69 (-0.90 to -0.47)	43
24-52 weeks	8	1212	-1.04 (-1.75 to -0.34)	90	0.34

T2D: Type 2 diabetes; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; SGLT2: Sodium glucose transporter 2; MD: Mean difference; CI: Confidence interval.