Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors improve insulin resistance and β-cell function in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies[22-45]

Ref.	Country	Design	Patient number	Mean age (years)	Male (%)	Baseline HbA1c (%)	T2D duration (years)	Concurrent antidiabetic treatment	Intervention	Control	Treatment duration (weeks)	Outcomes reported
Inagaki et al[22]; 100 mg	Japan	R, DB, PC	111	57.7	71.2	8	NR	None	Canagliflozin, 100 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-β
Inagaki et al[22]; 300 mg	Japan	R, DB, PC	113	57.3	72.6	8.1	NR	None	Canagliflozin, 300 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-β
Jabbour et al[41]1	6 countries	R, DB, PC	447	54.9	54.8	8	5.7	Sitagliptin ± metformin	Dapagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-IR
Kaku et al[23]	Japan	R, DB, PC	114	56.7	66.7	8.4	6.2	None	Tofogliflozin, 20 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Seino et al[42]; 2.5 mg	Japan	R, DB, PC	86	58.1	62.5	8.1	6.5	None	Luseogliflozin, 2.5 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Seino et al[42]; 5 mg	Japan	R, DB, PC	87	57	72.7	8.1	6.2	None	Luseogliflozin, 5 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Seino et al[24]; 2.5 mg	Japan	R, DB, PC	85	57.3	69.4	8	4.8	None	Luseogliflozin, 2.5 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Seino et al[24]; 5 mg	Japan	R, DB, PC	82	57.2	57.2	7.9	4.7	None	Luseogliflozin, 5 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Seino et al[25]	Japan	R, DB, PC	155	59.3	73.4	8.2	6.3	None	Luseogliflozin, 2.5 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Kashiwagi et al[26]	Japan	R, DB, PC	151	56.2	74.2	8.3	6.8	Pioglitazone	Ipragliflozin, 50 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-β
Kashiwagi et al[27]	Japan	R, DB, PC	240	59.7	65.8	8.4	10.5	Sulfonylurea	Ipragliflozin, 50 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-β
Kashiwagi et al[28]	Japan	R, DB, PC	129	59.4	69.8	8.3	6.7	None	Ipragliflozin, 50 mg/day	Placebo	16	HOMA-β
Kashiwagi et al[29]	Japan	R, DB, PC	168	56.7	58.9	8.3	7.7	Metformin	Ipragliflozin, 50 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Liao et al[30]	China	R, DB, PC	162	54	54.3	8	Newly diagnosed	None	Dapagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR
Wang et al[43]	China	R, DB, PC	28	60.2	46.4	8.3	Newly diagnosed	With or without metformin	Dapagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-β
Terra et al[31]2; 5 mg	7 countries	R, DB, PC	233	56.6	55.8	8.1	5	With or without metformin	Ertugliflozin, 5 mg/day	Placebo	26	HOMA-β
Terra et al[31]2; 15 mg	7 countries	R, DB, PC	228	56.2	57.5	8.3	5	With or without metformin	Ertugliflozin, 15 mg/day	Placebo	26	HOMA-β
Dagogo-Jack et al[32]3; 5 mg	12 countries	R, DB, PC	233	58.9	56.2	8.1	9.7	Metformin and sitagliptin	Ertugliflozin, 5 mg/day	Placebo	52	HOMA-β
Dagogo-Jack et al[32]3; 15 mg	12 countries	R, DB, PC	229	59.2	57.6	8	9.3	Metformin and sitagliptin	Ertugliflozin, 15 mg/day	Placebo	52	HOMA-β
Eriksson et al[33]	Sweden	R, DB, PC	40	65.3	78.6	7.4	6.6	Sulfonylurea or metformin	Dapagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR
Han et al[34]	Korea	R, DB, PC	139	57.5	49.6	7.9	11.5	Metformin and sitagliptin	Ipragliflozin, 50 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Hattori[35]	Japan	R, OL, PC	109	NR	64.2	7.2	NR	Sulfonylureas, metformin, or an α-glucosidase inhibitor	Empagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR
Brown et al[36]	United States	R, DB, PC	48	65.5	57.6	7.7	10	Metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, or GLP-1 agonists	Dapagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	52	HOMA-IR
Chehrehgosha et al[44]	Iran	R, DB, PC	72	51.1	40.3	8	6.2	None	Empagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-IR
Phrueksotsai et al[45]	Thailand	R, DB, PC	38	59.2	31.6	8	5	Metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors, or thiazolidinediones,	Dapagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR
Cheng et al[37]	China	R, DB, PC	124	71.5	53.4	7.7	NR	Insulin, sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors, or metformin	Empagliflozin, 25 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR
Gohari et al[38]	Iran	R, DB, PC	82	62.8	41.1	7.9	NR	Insulin, sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors, or metformin	Empagliflozin, 10 mg/day	Placebo	26	HOMA-IR
Kwak et al[39]	Korea	R, DB, PC	152	59.8	50.3	7.8	6.4	None	Enavogliflozin, 0.3 mg/day	Placebo	24	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β
Yang et al[40]	Korea	R, DB, PC	96	58.3	54.2	8.1	5.9	None	Enavogliflozin, 0.3 mg/day	Placebo	12	HOMA-IR and HOMA-β

¹The study by Jabbour et al[41] was performed in Argentina, Germany, Mexico, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

²The study by Terra et al[31] was performed in the United States, Canada, Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.

³The study by Dagogo-Jack et al[32] was performed in the United States, Argentina, Colombia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Romania, Slovakia, Korea, Malaysia, Bulgaria, and Finland.

T2D: Type 2 diabetes; R: Randomized; DB: Double-blind; PC: Placebo-controlled; OL: Open-label; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; NR: Not reported; DPP4: Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function.