Association of dietary index for gut microbiota and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes or prediabetes

Table 1 Basic participant characteristics by dietary index for gut microbiota scores, mean (SE)/ n (%)

Variables	Total	Q1 (0-4)	Q2 (5)	Q3 (6)	Q4 (7-14)	P value
Age	53.84 (0.25)	52.07 (0.34)	53.19 (0.46)	54.63 (0.45)	57.14 (0.39)	< 0.0001
Creatinine	80.80 (0.44)	82.90 (0.92)	79.90 (0.60)	79.78 (0.96)	78.85 (0.50)	0.004
UA	338.42 (1.20)	341.76 (1.67)	337.00 (2.27)	338.33 (2.80)	333.91 (2.30)	0.05
BUN	5.21 (0.03)	5.27 (0.04)	5.16 (0.05)	5.18 (0.06)	5.19 (0.06)	0.15
HbA1c	6.06 (0.02)	6.13 (0.02)	6.06 (0.03)	5.99 (0.03)	6.02 (0.03)	< 0.001
BMI, % (SE)						< 0.0001
< 25	18.42 (0.01)	16.75 (0.80)	17.98 (1.10)	18.47 (1.11)	22.00 (1.15)
25-30	32.52 (0.01)	30.83 (0.98)	32.02 (1.12)	34.07 (1.63)	34.81 (1.21)
> 30	49.06 (0.01)	52.43 (1.13)	50.00 (1.33)	47.46 (1.37)	43.19 (1.32)
Sex, % (SE)						< 0.001
Male	52.17 (0.01)	55.30 (0.87)	51.35 (1.17)	50.70 (1.66)	48.64 (1.11)
Female	47.83 (0.01)	44.70 (0.87)	48.65 (1.17)	49.30 (1.66)	51.36 (1.11)
Race, % (SE)						< 0.0001
Mexican American	8.62 (0.01)	10.27 (1.01)	9.49 (1.13)	7.41 (0.80)	5.67 (0.68)
Non-Hispanic Black	11.72 (0.01)	15.16 (1.21)	11.29 (0.87)	9.50 (0.78)	7.87 (0.73)
Non-Hispanic White	66.87 (0.03)	62.20 (1.84)	65.80 (1.91)	70.65 (1.43)	73.24 (1.58)
Other	12.80 (0.00)	12.37 (0.80)	13.43 (0.86)	12.44 (0.83)	13.22 (0.90)
Marital status, % (SE)						< 0.0001
Married	59.18 (0.02)	55.78 (1.22)	60.15 (1.35)	59.17 (1.24)	64.45 (1.71)
Never married	11.77 (0.01)	13.65 (0.81)	11.49 (0.81)	12.21 (1.02)	8.19 (0.83)
Divorced	11.93 (0.01)	12.50 (0.79)	10.77 (0.88)	11.89 (0.98)	12.24 (1.09)
Unmarried but have/had partner	17.11 (0.01)	18.07 (0.71)	17.59 (0.97)	16.73 (0.94)	15.12 (0.96)
Education, % (SE)						< 0.0001
Less than high school	17.68 (0.01)	22.00 (0.89)	17.80 (0.87)	15.34 (0.96)	11.69 (0.94)
High school or equivalent	24.64 (0.01)	27.55 (0.88)	25.78 (1.43)	21.90 (1.46)	20.48 (1.24)
College or above	57.67 (0.02)	50.45 (1.11)	56.42 (1.64)	62.77 (1.66)	67.83 (1.61)
Smoke, % (SE)						< 0.0001
Never	51.48 (0.01)	49.70 (1.18)	51.84 (1.24)	53.65 (1.41)	52.36 (1.51)
Former	30.07 (0.01)	29.22 (1.07)	28.85 (1.09)	27.92 (1.13)	35.03 (1.63)
Now	18.46 (0.01)	21.09 (0.77)	19.30 (1.03)	18.43 (1.18)	12.61 (0.90)
Alcohol use, % (SE)						< 0.0001
Never	11.57 (0.01)	11.55 (0.61)	13.11 (1.10)	10.83 (0.80)	10.56 (0.82)
Former	16.56 (0.01)	17.18 (0.85)	17.34 (1.06)	16.69 (1.14)	14.39 (0.92)
Mild	39.62 (0.01)	36.77 (1.16)	37.13 (1.46)	39.37 (1.61)	48.01 (1.36)
Moderate	14.99 (0.01)	14.27 (0.71)	15.17 (0.90)	16.25 (1.26)	14.97 (0.89)
Heavy	17.25 (0.01)	20.23 (0.87)	17.26 (1.03)	16.86 (1.24)	12.07 (1.09)
Cancer, % (SE)						< 0.001
Yes	13.14 (0.01)	11.59 (0.60)	12.17 (0.86)	14.15 (0.92)	16.22 (0.87)
No	86.86 (0.02)	88.41 (0.60)	87.83 (0.86)	85.85 (0.92)	83.78 (0.87)
CVD, % (SE)						0.59
Yes	13.84 (0.01)	14.46 (0.60)	13.71 (0.78)	13.15 (0.97)	13.47 (0.88)
No	86.16 (0.02)	85.54 (0.60)	86.29 (0.78)	86.85 (0.97)	86.53 (0.88)
Hypertension, % (SE)						< 0.0001
Yes	52.43 (0.02)	52.89 (1.07)	52.32 (1.36)	51.16 (1.37)	52.86 (1.31)
No	47.57 (0.01)	47.11 (1.07)	47.68 (1.36)	48.84 (1.37)	47.14 (1.31)
PIR, % (SE)						< 0.0001
< 1.3	21.12 (0.01)	26.21 (0.88)	21.95 (0.96)	18.03 (1.02)	13.55 (0.96)
1.3-3.5	37.62 (0.01)	39.26 (1.18)	37.52 (1.42)	37.65 (1.58)	34.65 (1.77)
> 3.5	41.26 (0.02)	34.53 (1.37)	40.53 (1.71)	44.32 (1.58)	51.80 (2.08)
Antidiabetic treatment, % (SE)						0.02
Yes	18.42 (0.01)	19.78 (0.79)	19.05 (1.14)	16.14 (0.82)	17.30 (0.95)
No	81.58 (0.02)	80.22 (0.79)	80.95 (1.14)	83.86 (0.82)	82.70 (0.95)

PIR: Poverty income ratio; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; UA: Uric acid; CVD: Cardiovascular disorders.