Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 on glycemic control and gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 5 Glycemic indicators of participants before and after treatment adjusted for confounders

Variable	Probiotic group (n = 38)	Placebo group (n = 38)	MD (95%CI), P value
FBG (mmol/L)
Baseline	9.06 ± 1.38	9.20 ± 2.26	-0.14 (-0.99-0.70), 0.7422
End	7.34 ± 1.8	9.20 ± 2.56	-1.85 (-2.80 to -0.80), 0.0013
MD (95%CI), P value1	-1.79 (-2.25 to -1.18), 0.001	-0.01 (-0.82 to -0.82), 0.991
HbA1c (%)
Baseline	7.78 ± 1.44	7.90 ± 1.48	-0.16 (-0.80-0.60), 0.6312
End	7.44 ± 1.02	7.64 ± 1.46	-0.20 (-0.78-0.36), 0.9453
MD (95%CI), P value1	-0.34 (-0.70-0.03), 0.071	-0.30 (-0.73-0.13), 0.167
Insulin (mU/mL)
Baseline	16.23 ± 18.40	30.08 ± 51.16	-13.10 (-31.10-3.80), 0.1232
End	14.12 ± 14.77	19.59 ± 24.43	-5.40 (-14.60-3.70), 0.0513
MD (95%CI), P value1	-2.11 (-4.64-0.31), 0.095	-10.49 (-22.80-1.80), 0.093
HOMA-IR index
Baseline	6.25 ± 7.38	12.57 ± 21.46	-6.32 (-13.60-1.10), 0.0902
End	5.39 ± 5.15	9.82 ± 2.10	-4.42 (3.10 to -13.70), 0.0553
MD (95%CI), P value3	-0.85 (-2.10-0.42), 0.182	-2.75 (-8.30-2.08), 0.322

¹P based on paired samples t-test.

²P based on independent samples t-test.

³P based on analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values, age, duration of diabetes, weight, and calorie intake.

FBG: Fasting blood glucose; MD: Mean difference; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment indices; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; CI: Confidence interval.