Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 on glycemic control and gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 4 Detailed lipid profile and insulin sensitivity measurements over time

Index	Placebo group (n = 38)		Intervention group (n = 38)		Time (P value)1	Time group (P value)2	T2 vs T0 (P value)	T3 vs T0 (P value)
	mean ± SD	Median (Q1-Q3)	mean ± SD	Median (Q1-Q3)
CHOL
Baseline	5.17 ± 1.16	5.06 (4.48-6.04)	5.16 ± 1.2	5.3 (4.26-5.93)	0.016	0.765	0.797	0.656
T2	4.92 ± 1.22	4.75 (4.12-5.67)	4.85 ± 1.07	4.53 (4.2-5.37)
T3	4.79 ± 1.09	4.74 (4.34-5.63)	4.89 ± 0.88	4.89 (4.32-5.37)
TG
Baseline	2.02 ± 1.95	1.51 (1.14-2.09)	1.91 ± 1.31	1.33 (1.12-2.27)	0.910	0.175	0.226	0.061
T2	2.19 ± 2.36	1.63 (1.04-2.17)	1.73 ± 0.96	1.48 (1.11-1.98)
T3	2.31 ± 2.5	1.45 (1.1-2.37)	1.71 ± 0.85	1.58 (0.97-2.06)
HDL-C
Baseline	1.31 ± 0.32	1.30 (1.06-1.45)	1.24 ± 0.19	1.23 (1.08-1.36)	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
T2	1.27 ± 0.30	1.22 (1.07-1.47)	1.36 ± 0.22	1.33 (1.21-1.55)
T3	1.28 ± 0.28	1.27 (1.11-1.47)	1.47 ± 0.24	1.46 (1.26-1.55)
LDL-C
Baseline	3.3 ± 0.85	3.2 (2.86-3.98)	3.35 ± 1	3.62 (2.66-3.89)	0.002	0.806	0.816	0.517
T2	3.07 ± 0.88	3.06 (2.59-3.72)	3.17 ± 0.88	2.84 (2.62-3.69)
T3	2.92 ± 0.85	2.84 (2.55-3.51)	3.09 ± 0.72	3.13 (2.63-3.47)
INS
Baseline	30.08 ± 51.6	11.7 (8-23.72)	16.23 ± 18.4	10.98 (8.6-14.66)	0.051	0.194	0.181	0.181
T2	19.56 ± 23.26	10.4 (8.3-18.72)	14.4 ± 15.39	10.12 (7.8-14.33)
T3	19.59 ± 24.43	11.5 (8.3-18.16)	14.12 ± 14.77	11 (8.7-13.75)
CRP
Baseline	3.86 ± 2.24	3.06 (2.23-4.82)	3.79 ± 2.1 0	3.03 (2.35-3.97)	0.087	0.119	0.290	0.054
T2	3.90 ± 2.70	3.19 (2.22-5.06)	3.37 ± 1.88	2.94 (2.03-4.13)
T3	3.80 ± 2.65	3.07 (1.95-4.42)	2.78 ± 3.02	1.75 (1.17-3.19)
HOMA-IR
Baseline	12.57 ± 21.45	4.53 (2.75-10.24)	6.25 ± 7.38	3.93 (3.01-6.51)	0.376	0.440	0.238	0.503
T2	9.41 ± 14.74	4.51 (2.73-6.29)	6 ± 6.26	3.79 (3.09-5.88)
T3	9.82 ± 19.03	5.15 (2.87-7.8)	5.39 ± 5.15	3.88 (2.77-5.79)
FBG
Baseline	9.20 ± 2.26	8.81 (7.50-10.00)	9.06 ± 1.38	9.06 (7.78-10.18)	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.036	0.007
T2	9.17 ± 2.52	8.71 (7.03-9.97)	8.04 ± 1.91	7.83 (6.7-9.03)
T3	9.20 ± 2.56	8.47 (7.41-10.29)	7.34 ± 1.8	7.09 (6.04-8.29)
HbA1c
Baseline	7.95 ± 1.48	7.40 (6.80-9.00)	7.78 ± 1.44	7.60 (6.40-8.50)	0.031	0.901	0.980	0.870
T2	7.85 ± 1.47	7.65 (6.70-8.80)	7.69 ± 1.09	7.75 (6.60-8.30)
T3	7.64 ± 1.46	7.35 (6.70-8.30)	7.44 ± 1.02	7.25 (6.80-8.10)

¹Time (P value): Assesses changes over time within each group.

²Time group (P value): Evaluates the interaction effect between time and group.

CHOL: Cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; INS: Insulin; CRP: C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; SD: Standard deviation; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile; T0: Baseline; T2: Second time point of measurement (after 6 weeks); T3: Third time point of measurement (after 12 weeks).