Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 on glycemic control and gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Biochemical parameters, kidney function, and liver enzyme markers across the study duration

Index	Placebo group (n = 38)		Intervention group (n = 38)		Placebo group (n = 38)	Intervention group (n = 38)	T2 vs T0 (P value)	T3 vs T0 (P value)
	mean ± SD	Median (Q1-Q3)	mean ± SD	Median (Q1-Q3)
UREA
Baseline	5.77 ± 1.36	5.79 (4.67-6.6)	5.76 ± 1.43	5.6 (4.81-6.42)	0.317	0.761	0.614	0.461
T2	5.78 ± 1.42	5.77 (4.85-6.77)	5.93 ± 1.69	5.53 (4.89-6.9)
T3	5.54 ± 1.54	5.48 (4.19-6.5)	5.76 ± 1.68	5.42 (4.68-6.81)
Cr
Baseline	63.14 ± 14.03	63.55 (53-74.7)	62.33 ± 15.36	61.5 (51.7-69.8)	< 0.0001	0.445	0.202	0.706
T2	67.03 ± 16.09	66.95 (56-77.7)	64.41 ± 15.62	65.85 (54.1-72.4)
T3	67.56 ± 15.11	66 (56.9-75.6)	66.26 ± 15.16	65.6 (56.1-72.7)
SG
Baseline	1.02 ± 0.01	1.02 (1.02-1.03)	1.02 ± 0.01	1.02 (1.02-1.03)	0.424	0.087	0.111	0.030
T2	1.02 ± 0.01	1.02 (1.02-1.03)	1.02 ± 0.01	1.02 (1.01-1.03)
T3	1.03 ± 0.01	1.03 (1.02-1.03)	1.02 ± 0.01	1.02 (1.01-1.03)
Uric acid
Baseline	349.98 ± 82.4	347.75 (303.4-417.9)	346.88 ± 71.75	347.3 (305.6-385.5)	0.582	0.937	0.718	0.887
T2	348.14 ± 71.62	344.7 (294.8-397.5)	340.76 ± 66.08	344.7 (302-377.1)
T3	354.41 ± 78.16	357.2 (302.9-414.5)	349.36 ± 77.77	365.35 (280.2-406.5)
Na
Baseline	140.49 ± 2.1	140.45 (138.9-142.3)	141.01 ± 1.94	140.8 (139.6-142.1)	< 0.0001	0.007	0.005	0.840
T2	140.13 ± 2.15	140.3 (138.9-141.9)	139.34 ± 1.74	139.55 (138.3-140.4)
T3	139.28 ± 2.63	139.55 (137.6-141)	139.7 ± 1.78	139.8 (138.2-140.7)
K
Baseline	4.34 ± 0.32	4.29 (4.14-4.49)	4.25 ± 0.28	4.3 (4.04-4.4)	0.248	0.126	0.851	0.048
T2	4.34 ± 0.33	4.27 (4.12-4.51)	4.26 ± 0.36	4.26 (4.01-4.44)
T3	4.21 ± 0.26	4.2 (4.05-4.31)	4.27 ± 0.36	4.21 (4.06-4.45)
Cl
Baseline	104.64 ± 2.59	104.5 (103-106.2)	104.64 ± 2.34	104.8 (102.9-105.9)	0.002	0.295	0.216	0.988
T2	104.31 ± 2.07	104.55 (102.7-105.5)	103.65 ± 2.06	103.5 (102.6-104.6)
T3	103.55 ± 2.74	104.2 (101.6-105.8)	103.54 ± 2.57	103.55 (101.2-105.6)
ALT
Baseline	28.5 ± 22.64	21.15 (15.9-33.2)	25.32 ± 15.92	19.85 (16.3-28.9)	0.610	0.481	0.473	0.273
T2	28.32 ± 23.09	20.55 (17.3-31.2)	27.67 ± 17.39	22.25 (17.3-33.2)
T3	24.87 ± 11.6	22.25 (14.9-32.9)	26.91 ± 21.95	21 (15.4-29.2)
AST
Baseline	26.3 ± 14.98	21 (17.3-29.9)	23.04 ± 8.84	20.35 (18.2-24.5)	0.609	0.127	0.545	0.057
T2	26.91 ± 18.3	20.5 (18.8-29.1)	25.13 ± 8.54	22.8 (19.6-26.7)
T3	24.4 ± 11.42	20.45 (17.6-28.1)	27.29 ± 17.52	22.15 (18.2-29.4)
ALB
Baseline	45.38 ± 3.28	45.5 (43.7-47.5)	44.41 ± 2.59	44.4 (43-45.7)	0.001	0.364	0.199	0.988
T2	44.38 ± 2.6	44.25 (42.7-46.2)	44.09 ± 2.44	43.6 (42.3-45.5)
T3	44.44 ± 3.1	44.95 (42.4-46.6)	43.46 ± 2.42	43.35 (42.3-44.5)
TBIL
Baseline	16.97 ± 6.72	15.6 (12.72-18.62)	15.84 ± 5.25	15.01 (12.25-17.85)	0.197	0.614	0.324	0.806
T2	15.84 ± 7.29	14 (11.3-18.18)	15.66 ± 4.87	14.83 (12.26-18.15)
T3	16.15 ± 8.76	13.73 (11.24-16.52)	15.23 ± 4.91	13.96 (11.73-16.8)
DBIL
Baseline	2.96 ± 1.36	2.62 (2.13-3.3)	2.68 ± 0.86	2.5 (2.1-3.1)	0.114	0.274	0.108	0.599
T2	2.66 ± 1.17	2.5 (1.88-2.9)	2.66 ± 0.92	2.4 (2.1-3.1)
T3	2.77 ± 1.34	2.4 (1.96-3)	2.57 ± 0.81	2.25 (1.96-3.2)
IBIL
Baseline	14.01 ± 5.67	13.17 (10.76-15.55)	13.16 ± 4.53	12.29 (10.11-15.05)	0.269	0.710	0.412	0.866
T2	13.17 ± 6.29	11.77 (9.5-15.46)	13 ± 4.05	12.32 (10.02-15.57)
T3	13.38 ± 7.66	11.3 (9.44-14.09)	12.66 ± 4.24	11.26 (9.72-14.05)

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALB: Albumin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; IBIL: Indirect bilirubin; Cr: Creatinine; SD: Standard deviation; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third Quartile; T0: Baseline; T2: Second time point of measurement (after 6 weeks); T3: Third time point of measurement (after 12 weeks); SG: Specific gravity.