Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 on glycemic control and gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Blood indices and inflammatory markers over time

Index	Placebo group (n = 38)		Intervention group (n = 38)		Time (P value)1	Time group (P value)2	T2 vs T0 (P value)3	T3 vs T0 (P value)4
	mean ± SD	Median (Q1-Q3)	mean ± SD	Median (Q1-Q3)
WBC
Baseline	6.86 ± 2.04	6.39 (5.41-8.12)	6.52 ± 1.44	6.42 (5.66-7.02)	0.767	0.840	0.810	0.762
T2	6.71 ± 1.69	6.46 (5.43-7.99)	6.44 ± 1.76	6.33 (5.01-7.29)
T3	6.85 ± 1.87	6.51 (5.69-8.18)	6.41 ± 1.53	6.34 (5.07-7.62)
NEUT
Baseline	3.87 ± 1.42	3.40 (2.99-4.88)	3.73 ± 1.18	3.51 (3.13-4.11)	0.846	0.759	0.848	0.434
T2	3.83 ± 1.16	3.65 (2.89-4.36)	3.63 ± 1.46	3.59 (2.81-4.03)
T3	3.93 ± 1.22	3.63 (3.28-4.54)	3.60 ± 1.09	3.59 (2.70-4.25)
LYMPH
Baseline	2.29 ± 0.76	2.30 (1.85-2.54)	2.09 ± 0.60	2.11 (1.60-2.44)	0.537	0.537	0.399	0.288
T2	2.20 ± 0.81	2.11 (1.61-2.53)	2.08 ± 0.7	2.03 (1.61-2.52)
T3	2.20 ± 0.73	2.14 (1.77-2.43)	2.10 ± 0.72	2.06 (1.49-2.40)
MONO
Baseline	0.48 ± 0.16	0.46 (0.37-0.55]	0.48 ± 0.15	0.48 (0.37-0.57)	0.249	0.471	0.696	0.463
T2	0.46 ± 0.12	0.47 (0.36-0.53)	0.46 ± 0.15	0.45 (0.35-0.54)
T3	0.49 ± 0.13	0.47 (0.39-0.57)	0.46 ± 0.13	0.46 (0.39-0.59)
Eosinophil
Baseline	0.15 ± 0.13	0.13 (0.08-0.17)	0.17 ± 0.15	0.14 (0.09-0.21)	0.120	0.691	0.350	0.607
T2	0.15 ± 0.10	0.12 (0.08-0.20)	0.19 ± 0.13	0.18 (0.08-0.24)
T3	0.17 ± 0.12	0.13 (0.09-0.22)	0.20 ± 0.19	0.15 (0.10-0.23)
BASS
Baseline	0.05 ± 0.06	0.04 (0.03-0.06)	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 (0.02-0.04)	0.413	0.253	0.224	0.258
T2	0.04 ± 0.02	0.04 (0.02-0.05)	0.04 ± 0.01	0.03 (0.03-0.04)
T3	0.04 ± 0.02	0.04 (0.03-0.06)	0.04 ± 0.02	0.03 (0.02-0.05)
RBC
Baseline	5.09 ± 0.38	5.11 (4.90-5.35)	5.09 ± 0.54	5.17 (4.86-5.45)	< 0.0001	0.140	0.145	0.763
T2	4.97 ± 0.40	5.01 (4.71-5.26)	5.05 ± 0.56	5.03 (4.76-5.39)
T3	4.96 ± 0.39	4.92 (4.76-5.25)	4.96 ± 0.54	5.04 (4.70-5.34)
HGB
Baseline	155.47 ± 11.93	155.50 (147.00-164.00)	150.47 ± 15.98	152.00 (139.00-162.00)	0.009	0.229	0.152	0.986
T2	152.92 ± 13.12	153.50 (142.00-160.00)	150.37 ± 15.67	150.00 (139.00-164.00)
T3	152.97 ± 11.67	152.00 (145.00-161.00)	147.95 ± 15.78	150.00 (138.00-158.00)
PLT
Baseline	226.68 ± 74.70	229.50 (168.00-269.00)	225.55 ± 53.94	221.00 (197.00-253.00)	0.983	0.658	0.634	0.360
T2	224.97 ± 73.63	229.50 (169.00-267.00)	226.34 ± 46.32	220.00 (202.00-250.00)
T3	223.58 ± 68.32	234.00 (179.00-260.00)	227.79 ± 52.87	218.00 (199.00-240.00)
SII
Baseline	401.27 ± 177.04	356.88 (305.20-524.20)	453.75 ± 301.90	379.10 (296.10-500.40)	0.866	0.766	0.642	0.4350
T2	424.75 ± 206.19	413.00 (237.20-519.03)	451.33 ± 346.54	385.80 (288.10-460.60)
T3	418.58 ± 174.58	405.50 (295.00-528.50)	443.45 ± 319.82	367.70 (286.60-521.70)
NLR
Baseline	1.77 ± 0.61	1.67 (1.35-2.23)	1.94 ± 0.87	1.64 (1.40-2.25)	0.773	0.735	0.622	0.378
T2	1.90 ± 0.75	1.81 (1.31-2.46)	1.95 ± 1.34	1.74 (1.29-2.11)
T3	1.88 ± 0.58	1.86 (1.47-2.32)	1.91 ± 1.00	1.69 (1.42-2.22)
PLR
Baseline	102.87 ± 32.01	106.70 (84.06-121.73)	117.05 ± 42.28	111.15 (91.70-144.44)	0.245	0.939	0.734	0.960
T2	108.27 ± 35.13	110.00 (77.70-141.90)	120.48 ± 42.92	114.70 (93.30-145.20)
T3	106.75 ± 33.37	108.60 (90.30-127.20)	120.6 ± 48.47	113.50 (85.00-139.80)
MLR
Baseline	0.22 ± 0.08	0.20 (0.17-0.26)	0.25 ± 0.11	0.22 (0.18-0.28)	0.977	0.314	0.869	0.132
T2	0.22 ± 0.07	0.21 (0.17-0.26)	0.25 ± 0.13	0.22 (0.17-0.29)
T3	0.23 ± 0.07	0.22 (0.18-0.28)	0.24 ± 0.09	0.23 (0.18-0.28)
SIRI
Baseline	0.88 ± 0.51	0.79 (0.62-1.01)	0.99 ± 0.78	0.84 (0.55-1.06)
T2	0.88 ± 0.46	0.81 (0.56-1.13)	0.99 ± 1.04	0.74 (0.48-1.06)	0.865	0.494	0.979	0.189
T3	0.92 ± 0.44	0.83 (0.65-0.95)	0.89 ± 0.54	0.72 (0.55-1.08)
NPR
Baseline	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 (0.01-0.02)	0.02 ± 0	0.02 (0.01-0.02)	0.844	0.737	0.724	0.434
T2	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 (0.01-0.02)	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 (0.01-0.02)
T3	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 (0.01-0.02)	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 (0.01-0.02)
PAR
Baseline	5.00 ± 1.63	5.24 (3.38-6.09)	5.10 ± 1.28	4.98 (4.30-5.75)	0.299	0.523	0.897	0.365
T2	5.06 ± 1.63	5.02 (3.70-6.44)	5.15 ± 1.10	5.09 (4.52-5.63)
T3	5.05 ± 1.59	5.20 (3.76-6.21)	5.27 ± 1.41	5.01 (4.52-5.56)
CAR
Baseline	0.09 ± 0.05	0.06 (0.05-0.11)	0.08 ± 0.08	0.06 (0.04-0.09)	0.662	0.273	0.272	0.699
T2	0.11 ± 0.19	0.07 (0.05-0.12)	0.08 ± 0.04	0.07 (0.05-0.09)
T3	0.09 ± 0.06	0.07 (0.04-0.10)	0.09 ± 0.10	0.06 (0.04-0.10)
CLR
Baseline	1.76 ± 1.02	1.47 (0.91-2.19)	2.05 ± 2.18	1.13 (0.84-2.43)	0.717	0.273	0.254	0.725
T2	2.44 ± 4.03	1.46 (1.01-2.57)	1.87 ± 1.48	1.35 (1.00-2.31)
T3	1.79 ± 1.28	1.52 (0.98-2.22)	2.26 ± 2.98	1.26 (0.89-2.07)
TyG
Baseline	1.95 ± 0.74	1.84 (1.56-2.27)	1.90 ± 0.64	1.79 (1.41-2.29)	0.834	0.374	0.971	0.232
T2	1.98 ± 0.83	2.00 (1.44-2.45)	1.93 ± 0.57	1.96 (1.51-2.25)
T3	2.03 ± 0.85	1.93 (1.39-2.62)	1.83 ± 0.61	1.80 (1.47-2.19)

¹Time (P value): Assesses changes over time within each group.

²Time group (P value): Evaluates the interaction effect between time and group.

³T2 vs baseline (P value): This P value compares the outcome at time point T2 against the baseline.

⁴T3 vs baseline (P value): This P value compares the outcome at time point T3 against the baseline. NEUT: Neutrophils; LYMPH: Lymphocytes; MONO: Monocytes; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelets; SII: Systemic inflammation index; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR: Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; SIRI: Systemic inflammation response index; NPR: Neutrophil-to-platelet ratio; PAR: Platelet aggregation ratio; CAR: C-reactive protein to albumin ratio; CLR: C-reactive protein to lymphocyte ratio; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index; T0: Baseline; T2: Second time point of measurement (after 6 weeks); T3: Third time point of measurement (after 12 weeks); Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile.