Progress in the application of mesenchymal stem cells to attenuate apoptosis in diabetic kidney disease

Table 1 Role of mesenchymal stem cells on apoptosis in a high glucose cell models and animal models of diabetic kidney disease

Cell types	Animal models/cell	Dose	Injection method	Frequency/time	Outcomes	Ref.
BM-MSCs	STZ-induced SD rats	1 × 106 cells	Tail vein	Once	↑VEGF, Bcl2; ↓TNF-α, TGF-β, Bax	[59]
BM-MSCs	Podocytes	Transfected with miR-124a	Co-culture	24 hours	↓Apoptosis rate, ↓Bax, caspase-3, ↑Bcl2	[79]
BM-MSCs	STZ-induced rats	3 × 106 cells with miR-124a 4 ng/mm3	Tail vein	Once	↓Bax, caspase-3, ↑Bcl2	[79]
BM-MSCs	STZ-induced male C57BL/6 mice	1 × 104 cells	Tail vein	Twice	↓Apoptotic cells, Bax, ROS; ↑ Bcl2	[82]
BM-MSCs	STZ-induced SD rats	2 × 107 cells	Intraperitoneally	One time at 4 weekly intervals	↑ATF3, Bcl2; ↓Fas, FasL, P53, caspase-3, BAX,BAX/BCL -2	[83]
BM-MSCs	High-fat diet and STZ administration	2 × 106 cells	Tail vein		↑LAMP2; ↓β-cell apoptosis	[84]
AD-MSCs	STZ-induced SD rats	1 × 107 cells	Tail vein	Once	↑Bcl2, klotho, ↓Bax, Wnt1, Wnt3a, Snail, β-catenin	[38]
AD-MSCs	STZ-induced SD rats	5 × 106 cells	Tail vein	Five times at 4 weekly intervals	↑WT1, ↓disruption of the tubules and interstitium	[85]
AD-MSCs	MPC5	1 × 105 cells/cm2	Cultured with hAd-MSC-conditioned medium	24, 48, 72 hours	↓Cleaved caspase-3; Maintain the normal arrangement of synaptopodin and nephrin in podocytes	[43]
hUC-MSCs	STZ-induced SD rats	2 × 106 cells	Tail vein	Once a week for 2 weeks	↓Apoptosis rate, ↓Bax, hioredoxin-interacting protein, ↑Bcl2	[89]
hUC-MSCs	STZ-induced SD rats	2 × 106 cells	Tail vein	three times every 10 days	↓TUNEL + cells, ↓caspase-3, ↑Bcl2/ Bax	[90]

TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; SD: Sprague Dawley; AD-MSCs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; hUC-MSCs: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; TGF: Transforming growth factor.