Vitamin D deficiency is associated with apolipoprotein A1 levels in patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 2 Comparison of the clinical and laboratory data between the four groups, n (%)

	Overall (n = 642)	VitD normal (n = 51)	VitD insufficient (n = 134)	VitD deficient (n = 358)	VitD severely deficient (n = 99)	P value
Age (years)	33.0 (29.0, 36.0)	33.0 (29.5, 35.5)	35.0 (31.0, 38.0)	33.0 (28.0, 36.0)	31.0 (27.0, 35.0)	< 0.001
Female	228 (35.5)	31 (60.8)	33 (24.6)	118 (33.0)	46 (46.5)	< 0.001
Smoking	164 (25.5)	11 (21.6)	40 (29.9)	91 (25.4)	22 (22.2)	0.511
Alcohol	126 (19.6)	10 (19.6)	39 (29.1)	60 (16.8)	17 (17.2)	0.02
CVD	5 (0.8)	2 (3.9)	1 (0.7)	2 (0.6)	0 (0.0)	0.057
HBP	109 (17.0)	4 (7.8)	22 (16.4)	67 (18.7)	16 (16.2)	0.277
Hyperlipemia	272 (42.4)	13 (25.5)	65 (48.5)	155 (43.3)	39 (39.4)	0.037
Fatty liver	389 (60.6)	17 (33.3)	83 (61.9)	225 (62.8)	64 (64.6)	0.001
Hyperuricemia	114 (17.8)	7 (13.7)	23 (17.2)	64 (17.9)	20 (20.2)	0.799
Obesity	112 (17.4)	7 (13.7)	23 (17.2)	64 (17.9)	18 (18.2)	0.901
Osteopenia	17 (2.6)	2 (3.9)	3 (2.2)	12 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	0.285
CKD	128 (19.9)	9 (17.6)	28 (20.9)	73 (20.4)	18 (18.2)	0.923
25VitD, ng/mL	15.90 (11.77, 21.21)	35.46 (32.13, 41.36)	23.51 (21.51, 26.17)	15.08 (12.71, 17.31)	7.82 (6.11, 9.05)	< 0.001
25VitD2, ng/mL	0.46 (0.18, 0.84)	0.53 (0.26, 0.69)	0.52 (0.21, 0.90)	0.47 (0.19, 0.90)	0.33 (0.04, 0.63)	0.006
25VitD3, ng/mL	15.30 (11.20, 20.40)	34.20 (31.10, 40.55)	22.70 (20.90, 25.30)	14.18 (11.83, 16.50)	7.29 (5.92, 8.41)	< 0.001
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.88 (2.23, 3.54)	2.95 (2.42, 3.33)	2.88 (2.18, 3.53)	2.87 (2.22, 3.52)	2.92 (2.37, 3.64)	0.909
HDL-C, mmol/L	0.94 (0.78, 1.13)	1.34 (0.90, 1.86)	0.94 (0.76, 1.14)	0.93 (0.79, 1.09)	0.92 (0.79, 1.09)	< 0.001
TG, mmol/L	1.78 (1.18, 2.94)	2.54 (1.40, 3.23)	1.97 (1.33, 3.39)	1.70 (1.15, 2.92)	1.50 (1.04, 2.33)	0.007
No HDL-C, mmol/L	3.95 (3.13, 4.84)	3.95 (3.33, 4.56)	4.09 (3.42, 4.86)	3.92 (3.08, 4.86)	3.86 (3.04, 4.69)	0.331
Apolipoprotein A1, g/L	1.11 (0.98, 1.28)	1.58 (1.12, 2.36)	1.11 (0.98, 1.41)	1.10 (0.98, 1.24)	1.08 (0.92, 1.19)	< 0.001
Apolipoprotein B, g/L	0.96 (0.77, 1.18)	1.00 (0.84, 1.15)	0.99 (0.82, 1.20)	0.95 (0.77, 1.18)	0.90 (0.74, 1.17)	0.322
ApoB/ApoA1	0.83 (0.62, 1.06)	0.61 (0.46, 0.84)	0.83 (0.61, 1.05)	0.86 (0.65, 1.08)	0.82 (0.65, 1.10)	< 0.001
Free fatty acids, μmol/L	530 (398, 694)	512 (433, 608)	526 (372, 682)	525 (393,685)	571 (411, 758)	0.302
Lipoproteina, mg/L	108 (47, 203)	116 (44, 188)	92 (35, 232)	117 (47, 201)	101 (61, 201)	0.885
UA, μmol/L	369 (291, 439)	316 (272, 386)	368 (292, 424)	373 (295, 440)	373 (284, 475)	0.089
Glu, mmol/L	7.08 (5.34, 9.79)	5.46 (4.40, 7.34)	6.81 (5.26, 9.34)	7.32 (5.52, 9.92)	7.71 (5.66, 10.30)	< 0.001
ALB, g/L	40.0 (37.3, 42.8)	38.1 (35.1, 41.8)	40.7 (38.0, 43.8)	40.1 (37.8, 42.7)	39.1 (35.7, 42.2)	0.019
ALT, U/L	30.0 (17.0, 62.0)	22.0 (11.5, 59.0)	28.0 (18.0, 60.8)	31.0 (18.0, 62.0)	34.0 (16.0, 65.5)	0.211
AST, U/L	24.0 (16.3, 41.8)	23.0 (15.0, 33.0)	23.0 (17.0, 33.8)	24.0 (17.0, 42.8)	27.0 (16.0, 46.0)	0.329
ALP, U/L	79.0 (65.0, 97.0)	80.0 (65.5, 96.0)	82.0 (65.0, 101.8)	78.0 (64.0, 96.0)	76.0 (64.0, 97.5)	0.528
Scr, μmol/L	67.1 (55.5, 76.6)	57.7 (48.1, 70.3)	70.1 (60.6, 80.0)	68.1 (56.5, 76.7)	61.0 (52.0, 73.9)	< 0.001
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m²	121.81 (110.17, 132.13)	125.11 (119.47, 132.95)	117.11 (108.36, 128.38)	121.09 (109.86, 132.74)	124.97 (116.59, 132.42)	0.015
Ca, mmol/L	2.28 (2.20, 2.36)	2.29 (2.21, 2.36)	2.29 (2.22, 2.36)	2.28 (2.20, 2.36)	2.27 (2.17, 2.34)	0.147
P, mmol/L	1.27 (1.14, 1.44)	1.27 (1.18, 1.44)	1.28 (1.14, 1.42)	1.28 (1.15, 1.44)	1.25 (1.10, 1.44)	0.613
iPTH, pg/mL	33.1 (24.4, 44.9)	25.4 (17.4, 31.8)	30.2 (23.4, 40.6)	34.5 (26.4, 46.0)	38.1 (26.7, 46.1)	< 0.001
Hemoglobin, g/L	147 (131, 159)	132 (119, 152)	151 (139, 160)	148 (133, 160)	144 (130, 156)	0.001
White blood cell, × 109/L	7.23 (6.09, 8.71)	8.54 (6.43, 9.68)	7.00 (6.09, 8.46)	7.14 (6.02, 8.48)	7.99 (6.30, 9.04)	0.004
PLT, × 109/L	237 (196, 280)	224 (192, 258)	233 (192, 277)	237 (198, 276)	256 (207, 318)	0.011

CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HBP: Hypertension; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; 25VitD: 25-hydroxy vitamin D; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; ApoB: Apolipoprotein B; ApoA1: Apolipoprotein A1; UA: Uric acid; Glu: Glucose; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; Scr: Serum creatinine; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated using the 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula); Ca: Blood calcium; P: Blood phosphorus; iPTH: Parathyroid hormone; PLT: Platelets.