Vitamin D deficiency is associated with apolipoprotein A1 levels in patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Comparison of the clinical and laboratory data between the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and no-diabetes mellitus patients, n (%)

	Overall (n = 1284)	No-DM (n = 642)	T2DM (n = 642)	P value
Age (years)	33.00 (29.00, 36.00)	33.00 (30.00, 36.00)	33.00 (29.00, 36.00)	0.499
Female	465 (36.2)	237 (36.9)	228 (35.5)	0.642
Smoking	253 (19.7)	89 (13.9)	164 (25.5)	< 0.001
Alcohol	182 (14.2)	56 (8.7)	126 (19.6)	< 0.001
CVD	6 (0.5)	1 (0.2)	5 (0.8)	0.22
HBP	137 (10.7)	28 (4.4)	109 (17.0)	< 0.001
Hyperlipemia	291 (22.7)	19 (3.0)	272 (42.4)	< 0.001
Fatty liver	440 (34.3)	51 (7.9)	389 (60.6)	< 0.001
Hyperuricemia	155 (12.1)	41 (6.4)	114 (17.8)	< 0.001
Obesity	133 (10.4)	21 (3.3)	112 (17.4)	< 0.001
Osteopenia	17 (1.3)	0 (0.0)	17 (2.6)	< 0.001
CKD	158 (12.3)	30 (4.7)	128 (19.9)	< 0.001
25VitD, ng/mL	16.63 (12.57, 22.63)	17.41 (13.16, 23.96)	15.90 (11.77, 21.21)	< 0.001
25VitD class				< 0.001
Normal	114 (8.9)	63 (9.8)	51 (7.9)
Insufficient	328 (25.5)	194 (30.2)	134 (20.9)
Deficient	679 (52.9)	321 (50.0)	358 (55.8)
Severely deficient	163 (12.7)	64 (10.0)	99 (15.4)
25VitD2, ng/mL	0.48 (0.19, 0.85)	0.50 (0.22, 0.88)	0.46 (0.18, 0.84)	0.344
25VitD3, ng/mL	16.10 (12.00, 21.60)	16.70 (12.61, 23.08)	15.30 (11.20, 20.40)	< 0.001
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.78 (2.19, 3.45)	2.71 (2.17, 3.34)	2.88 (2.23, 3.54)	0.01
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.04 (0.87, 1.28)	1.15 (0.98, 1.41)	0.94 (0.78, 1.13)	< 0.001
TG, mmol/L	1.52 (0.98, 2.45)	1.31 (0.81, 1.97)	1.78 (1.18, 2.94)	< 0.001
No HDL-C, mmol/L	3.68 (2.95, 4.51)	3.47 (2.77, 4.21)	3.95 (3.13, 4.84)	< 0.001
Apolipoprotein A1, g/L	1.19 (1.04, 1.42)	1.27 (1.13, 1.52)	1.11 (0.98, 1.28)	< 0.001
Apolipoprotein B, g/L	0.89 (0.72, 1.09)	0.83 (0.67, 1.01)	0.96 (0.77, 1.18)	< 0.001
ApoB/ApoA1	0.70 (0.54, 0.94)	0.62 (0.47, 0.78)	0.83 (0.62, 1.06)	< 0.001
Free fatty acids, μmol/L	503.50 (374.00, 662.00)	488.00 (355.00, 633.50)	530.00 (397.75, 693.75)	0.001
lipoprotein, mg/L	103.00 (48.75, 207.25)	102.00 (51.00, 215.50)	108.00 (47.00, 202.75)	0.489
UA, μmol/L	363.00 (284.00, 432.00)	358.00 (276.00, 422.75)	369.00 (291.00, 438.75)	0.012
Glu, mmol/L	5.20 (4.64, 7.18)	4.80 (4.46, 5.15)	7.08 (5.34, 9.79)	< 0.001
ALB, g/L	41.60 (38.10, 44.80)	43.60 (40.02, 45.90)	40.00 (37.30, 42.80)	< 0.001
ALT, U/L	24.00 (14.00, 48.00)	21.00 (13.00, 34.75)	30.00 (17.00, 62.00)	< 0.001
AST, U/L	22.00 (17.00, 32.00)	21.00 (17.00, 26.00)	24.00 (16.25, 41.75)	< 0.001
ALP, U/L	78.00 (63.00, 95.00)	76.00 (61.00, 92.75)	79.00 (65.00, 97.00)	0.087
Scr, μmol/L	69.10 (56.60, 79.50)	71.50 (58.28, 81.22)	67.10 (55.47, 76.60)	< 0.001
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m²	118.51 (106.40, 130.59)	114.67 (103.85, 128.66)	121.81 (110.17, 132.13)	< 0.001
Ca, mmol/L	2.32 (2.23, 2.39)	2.34 (2.27, 2.41)	2.28 (2.20, 2.36)	< 0.001
P, mmol/L	1.25 (1.11, 1.40)	1.22 (1.09, 1.36)	1.27 (1.14, 1.44)	< 0.001
iPTH, pg/mL	33.40 (24.20, 45.32)	33.50 (24.00, 45.60)	33.10 (24.40, 44.92)	0.605
Hemoglobin, g/L	147.00 (130.00, 158.00)	146.00 (129.00, 157.00)	147.00 (131.00, 159.00)	0.024
White blood cell, × 109/L	7.02 (5.80, 8.53)	6.81 (5.62, 8.24)	7.23 (6.09, 8.71)	< 0.001
PLT, × 109/L	238.00 (199.00, 280.00)	240.00 (201.25, 280.00)	237.00 (196.25, 280.00)	0.344

CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HBP: Hypertension; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; 25VitD: 25-hydroxy vitamin D; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; ApoB: Apolipoprotein B; ApoA1: Apolipoprotein A1; UA: Uric acid; Glu: Glucose; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; Scr: Serum creatinine; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated using the 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula); Ca: Blood calcium; P: Blood phosphorus; iPTH: Parathyroid hormone; PLT: Platelets.