Does low physical activity cause cognitive decline in elderly type 2 diabetes patients: A propensity score matching analysis

Table 5 Comparison of risk in the training and test sets for cognitive decline

Variable	Training						Test
	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis			Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	β	OR (95%CI)	P value	β	OR (95%CI)	P value	β	OR (95%CI)	P value	β	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age	0.062	1.063 (1.011-1.124)	0.01	1.612	1.083 (1.012- 1.151)	0.01	0.077	1.080 (0.990-1.167)	0.05	0.161	1.175 (1.039-1.330)	0.01
Male	0.169	1.245 (0.883-1.862)	0.06				0.233	1.258 (0.901-1.983)	0.23
Education level	-0.042	0.959 (0.872-1.055)	0.39				-0.114	0.814 (0.449-0.760)	0.28
Mental work	-0.062	0.640 (0.013-0.739)	0.01	-0.066	0.610 (0.47-1.22)	0.03	-0.893	0.509 (0.097-0.894)	0.02	-1.303	0.233 (0.065-0.794)	< 0.01
Residential region (urban)	-0.122	0.886 (0.734-0.992)	0.70				0.41	1.575 (0.961-1.912)	0.51
Smoking	0.301	1.704 (1.311-2.163)	0.48				0.496	1.132 (0.908-1.801)	0.69
Drinking	0.127	1.308 (0.293-2.643)	0.82				0.087	1.181 (0.764-1.597)	0.74
Hypertension	0.068	1.071 (0.391-2.934)	0.19				0.522	1.347 (0.990-1.814)	0.41
Cardiovascular disease	0.721	2.057 (0.922-4.588)	0.06				0.471	1.843 (0.891-2.914)	0.09
Hearing impairment	2.395	10.31 (3.10-46.8)	0.04				2.124	5.173 (1.302-13.232)	0.04
Stroke	1.561	4.762 (1.573-14.419)	< 0.01	1.611	5.010 (1.27-12.908)	0.02	0.984	1.292 (0.213-4.858)	0.02	1.134	1.456 (0.831-4.762)	0.02
Hyperlipidemia	0.043	1.044 (0.473-2.305)	0.81				0.312	1.541 (0.451-2.211)	0.73
BMI	0.037	1.038 (0.940-1.146)	0.46				0.031	1.542 (0.411-2.897)	0.21
Mid-UAC	0.012	1.012 (0.894-1.145)	0.84				-0.014	0.323 (0.033-2.870)	0.87
6MWT	0.149	1.161 (0.971-1.389)	0.10				0.213	1.245 (1.084-1.913)	0.08
Grip strength	-0.033	0.967 (0.928-1.008)	0.11				-0.413	0.899 (0.414-1.184)	0.11
FBG	-0.032	0.969 (0.852-1.101)	0.62				-0.051	0.914 (0.245-2.181)	0.82
HbA1C	0.008	1.035 (0.873-1.227)	0.38				0.144	1.243 (0.324-3.197)	0.43
hsCRP	0.07	1.008 (0.979-1.039)	0.59				0.114	1.303 (0.441-1.910)	0.65
β2-MG	0.094	1.099 (0.869-1.389)	0.43				0.34	1.311 (1.046-2.09)	0.51
IL-6	-0.013	0.987 (0.927-1.052)	0.69				0.011	1.017 (0.213-3.511)	0.81
TCH	-0.259	0.772 (0.553-1.076)	0.12				-0.099	0.974 (0.423-1.037)	0.17
TG	0.003	1.097 (0.886-1.264)	0.97				0.013	1.041 (0.351-2.916)	0.78
LDL-C	-0.293	0.746 (0.502-1.109)	0.14				0.012	1.016 (0.688-1.349)	0.31
HDL-C	0.193	1.213 (0.572-2.570)	0.61				0.091	1.133 (0.387-3.465)	0.83
MNA-SF-based malnutrition	1.063	2.895 (1.438-5.830)	< 0.01	0.75	1.680 (1.01-2.146)	0.04	0.931	3.465 (1.34-8.331)	0.02	1.021	3.193 (0.944-5.523)	0.04
IADL-based disability	0.987	2.683 (1.188-6.061)	0.02	1.170	3.203 (1.189-6.06)	0.02	0.606	1.833 (0.539-6.294)	< 0.01	0.833	2.104 (1.187-6.051)	0.03
FRAIL-based frailty phenotype	1.110	3.033 (0.622-14.785)	0.17				0.911	2.933 (0.462-5.097)	0.22
Low physical activity	0.371	1.57 (1.290-2.987)	0.41				0.432	1.033 (0.478-3.250)	0.51

BMI: Body mass index; UAC: Upper arm circumference; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; hsCRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; β2-MG: β2-microglobulin; IL: Interleukin; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TCH: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MOCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MNA-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; FRAIL: Fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight.