Does low physical activity cause cognitive decline in elderly type 2 diabetes patients: A propensity score matching analysis

Table 4 Baseline characteristics of the training set and test set, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variables	Total (n = 200)	Training set (n = 140)	Test set (n = 60)	Statistic	P value
Age (years)	70.87 ± 7.77	70.93 ± 7.84	70.73 ± 7.66	t = -0.16	0.871
Male	90 (45.00)	65 (46.43)	25 (41.67)	χ² = 0.38	0.535
Smoking	69 (34.50)	46 (32.86)	23 (38.33)	χ² = 0.56	0.455
Drinking	26 (13.07)	20 (14.29)	6 (10.17)	χ² = 0.62	0.431
Hypertension	155 (77.89)	112 (80.58)	43 (71.67)	χ² = 0.32	0.141
Cardiovascular disease	67 (33.50)	51 (36.43)	16 (26.67)	χ² = 1.80	0.180
Stroke	28 (14.00)	21 (15.00)	7 (11.67)	χ² = 0.39	0.534
Hearing impairment	4 (2.00)	4 (2.86)	0 (0.00)	χ² = 0.60	0.440
Hyperlipidemia	89 (44.50)	65 (46.43)	24 (40.00)	χ² = 0.70	0.402
Hypertension	155 (77.89)	112 (80.58)	43 (71.67)	χ²= 0.32	0.141
Education level (years)	10.02 ± 4.39	10.09 ± 4.35	9.85 ± 4.50	t = -0.33	0.740
BMI (kg/m2)	25.83 ± 3.66	25.85 ± 3.84	25.77 ± 3.22	t = -0.24	0.513
Mid-UAC (mm)	27.20 ± 3.73	26.73 ± 3.73	28.26 ± 3.53	t = 2.50	0.113
6MWT (m)	6.45 ± 2.43	6.57 ± 2.35	6.18 ± 2.60	t = -0.97	0.335
Grip strength (kg)	26.53 ± 13.73	26.44 ± 13.91	26.75 ± 13.44	t = 0.13	0.893
FBG (mmol/L)	7.99 ± 3.29	7.85 ± 3.26	8.31 ± 3.37	t = 0.90	0.368
HbA1C (%)	8.19 ± 2.30	8.21 ± 2.34	8.17 ± 2.23	t =-0.11	0.914
hsCRP (mg/L)	4.78 ± 11.62	5.21 ± 12.89	3.72 ± 7.60	t = -0.76	0.451
β2-MG (mg/L)	3.42 ± 1.63	3.48 ± 1.72	3.27 ± 1.37	t = -0.77	0.440
IL-6 (pg/mL)	6.59 ± 10.32	6.06 ± 9.51	7.93 ± 12.12	t = 1.06	0.291
TCH (mmol/L)	4.24 ± 1.20	4.26 ± 1.30	4.21 ± 0.93	t = -0.34	0.738
TG (mmol/L)	1.80 ± 1.67	1.86 ± 1.69	1.65 ± 1.63	t = -0.84	0.403
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.35 ± 1.03	2.37 ± 1.07	2.30 ± 0.93	t = -0.45	0.654
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.28 ± 0.48	1.27 ± 0.50	1.32 ± 0.41	t = 0.64	0.524
Mental work	109 (60.56)	76 (60.80)	33 (60.00)	χ² = 0.01	0.919
Residential region, urban	159 (79.50)	109 (77.86)	50 (83.33)	χ² = 0.77	0.379
MOCA-based cognitive impairment	47 (23.50)	32 (22.90)	15 (25.00)	χ² = 0.61	0.413
MNA-SF-based malnutrition	26 (14.21)	18 (14.29)	8 (14.04)	χ2 = 0.00	0.964
IADL-based disability	80 (40.00)	62 (44.29)	18 (30.00)	χ² = 3.57	0.059
FRAIL-based frailty phenotype	26 (14.29)	17 (13.71)	9 (15.52)	χ² = 0.31	0.858

BMI: Body mass index; UAC: Upper arm circumference; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; hsCRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; β2-MG: β2-microglobulin; IL: Interleukin; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TCH: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MOCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MNA-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; FRAIL: Fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight.