Does low physical activity cause cognitive decline in elderly type 2 diabetes patients: A propensity score matching analysis

Table 2 Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between the low physical activity and non-low physical activity groups of elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients before and after propensity score matching, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristic	Before PSM		t/χ2	P value	After PSM		t/χ2	P value
	Low physical activity group (n = 126)	Non-low physical activity group (n = 119)			Low physical activity group (n = 100)	Non-low physical activity group (n = 100)
Age (years)	72.1 ± 0.7	69.9 ± 0.7	-2.31	0.01	72.1 ± 8.1	70.2 ± 7.4	-0.8	0.42
Male	52 (41.3)	62 (52.1)	2.82	0.08	44 (44.0)	46 (46.1)	0.08	0.77
Smoking	50 (39.7)	49 (41.2)	0.05	0.81	36 (36)	33 (33)	0.19	0.65
Drinking	11 (15.2)	16 (21.0)	1.39	0.23	17 (17.2)	9 (9.0)	2.93	0.08
Hypertension	100 (79.4)	87 (73.7)	1.92	0.38	81 (81.0)	74 (74.0)	1.89	0.38
Cardiovascular disease	73 (57.9)	87 (73.7)	6.73	< 0.01	37 (37)	30 (30)	1.1	0.29
Stroke	105 (83.3)	105 (88.2)	1.20	0.27	15 (15.0)	13 (13.0)	0.16	0.68
Hearing impairment	9 (6.3%)	0 (0%)	9.931	< 0.01	4 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	4.08	0.04
Hyperlipidemia	60 (42.0%)	71 (46.4)	0.593	0.441	42 (42.0)	47 (47.0)	0.50	0.47
Education level (years)	9.8 ± 0.4	10.3 ± 0.5	0.71	0.46	10.8 ± 3.9	10.3 ± 4.8	-0.18	0.85
Married status			1.28	0.25			0.23	0.63
Married/cohabitating	95 (75.4)	82 (68.9)			75 (75)	72 (72)
Divorced/single/widowed	31 (24.6)	37 (31.1)			25 (25)	28 (28)
Residential region			6.71	0.01			0.77	0.38
Urban	108 (85.7)	86 (72.3)			82 (82)	77 (77)
Rural	18 (14.3)	33 (27.7)			18 (18)	23 (23)
Night sleep time			1.31	0.25			0.07	0.78
≤ 6 h/day	43 (37.4)	29 (29.9)			30 (33.7)	27 (31.8)
> 6 h/day	72 (62.6)	68 (70.1)			59 (66.3)	58 (68.2)
BMI (kg/m2)	26.1 ± 0.3	25.4 ± 0.3	-1.43	0.15	26.8 ± 3.8	25.9 ± 3.4	-1.67	0.09
Mid-UAC (mm)	26.5 ± 3.9	27.8 ± 3.7	2.51	0.01	26.8 ± 3.4	27.2 ± 3.3	2.14	0.03
6MWT (m)	460.8 ± 40	540.5 ± 82	-6.63	< 0.01	482.3 ± 61	560.4 ± 80	-5.92	< 0.01
Grip strength (kg)	24.2 ± 11.8	29.3 ± 14.5	2.74	< 0.01	24.1 ± 12.9	27.3 ± 11.2	1.72	0.08
FBG (mmol/L)	8.2 ± 3.5	8.1 ± 3.1	-1.13	0.86	8.0 ± 3.1	7.9 ± 3.5	0.14	0.88
HbA1C (%)	8.4 ± 2.3	8.1 ± 2.2	-0.96	0.35	8.4 ± 2.1	8.2 ± 2.2	-0.82	0.41
hsCRP (mg/L)	6.8 ± 5.6	2.7 ± 5.5	-2.72	< 0.01	6.8 ± 5.5	4.5 ± 3.2	-2.44	0.01
β2-MG (mg/L)	3.7 ± 2.2	3.2 ± 1.4	-1.97	0.04	3.6 ± 2.2	3.2 ± 1.6	-1.60	0.11
IL-6 (pg/mL)	8.3 ± 5.9	5.3 ± 4.7	-2.22	0.02	5.08 ± 2.0	6.25 ± 3.1	-2.01	0.04
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.2 ± 0.9	2.6 ± 1.0	2.14	0.03	2.2 ± 0.9	2.6 ± 0.9	1.22	0.22
TG (mmol/L)	1.9 ± 1.8	1.7 ± 1.2	-1.24	0.22	1.8 ± 1.6	1.7 ± 1.1	-1.19	0.23
TCH (mmol/L)	4.1 ± 1.1	4.3 ± 1.2	1.20	0.20	4.2 ± 1.1	4.3 ± 1.2	0.45	0.65
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.2 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.3	0.44	0.65	1.2 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4	0.26	0.78
MOCA-based cognitive impairment	32 (30.5)	25 (21.0)	2.63	0.03	25 (25.0)	22 (22.0)	1.44	0.22
MNA-SF-based malnutrition	21 (20.0)	12 (11.1)	5.93	0.04	6 (6.0)	10 (10.0)	1.09	0.58
IADL-based disability	62 (49.2)	35 (29.4)	10.02	< 0.01	48 (48.0)	32 (32.0)	5.33	0.02
FRAIL-based frailty phenotype	32 (31.1)	4 (3.4)	32.31	< 0.01	22 (22.0)	4 (4.0)	20.5	< 0.01

PSM: Propensity score matching; BMI: Body mass index; UAC: Upper arm circumference; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; hsCRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; β2-MG: β2-microglobulin; IL: Interleukin; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TCH: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MOCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MNA-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; FRAIL: Fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight.