Longitudinal effects of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccination on metabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia

Table 6 Generalized estimating equations multiple regression analysis for total cholesterol

Variables (n = 224)	Categories	Crude effect		Adjusted effect
		β (95%CI)	P value	β (95%CI)	P value
Vaccination status	Vaccinated	-2.58 (-4.93, -0.22)	0.032a	2.28 (-2.47, 7.04)	0.347
	Unvaccinated	Reference		Reference
Time			< 0.001a		< 0.001b
	3 months	12.42 (8.61, 16.22)	< 0.001	16.96 (12.26, 21.66)	< 0.001b
	6 months	-0.32 (-4.08, 3.45)	0.869	0.14 (-4.71, 4.99)	0.954
	9 months	-0.19 (-1.83, 1.44)	0.814	0.22 (-1.43, 1.87)	0.798
	1 year	0.35 (-3.42, 4.12)	0.856	0.01 (-4.85, 4.87)	0.996
	Baseline	Reference		Reference
Group timeb	Vaccinated 3 months			-17.85 (-24.17, -11.53)	< 0.001b
	Vaccinated 6 months			-1.81 (-8.16, 4.54)	0.577
	Vaccinated 9 months			-1.62 (-6.16, 2.92)	0.485
	Vaccinated 1 year			1.32 (-5.04, 7.68)	0.684
	Vaccinated baseline			Reference
Age group	≤ 40 years	-6.14 (-9.43, -2.85)	< 0.001a	-6.19 (-9.59, -2.81)	< 0.001b
	> 40 years	Reference		Reference
Sex	Female	-3.39 (-6.65, -0.56)	0.041a	-4.90 (-8.47, -1.33)	0.007b
	Male	Reference		Reference
Alcohol exposure	Yes	-3.85 (-7.14, 0.62)	0.022a	-5.09 (-8.65, -1.53)	0.005b
	No	Reference		Reference
Chat exposure	Yes	0.80 (-3.48, 5.09)	0.714
	No	Reference
Smoking exposure	Yes	-2.99 (-6.38, 0.39)	0.083a	-4.47 (-8.26, -0.69)	0.020b
	No	Reference		Reference
Medications			0.024a		0.437
	Insulin	1.67 (-3.04, 6.38)	0.486	1.13 (-3.43, 5.70)	0.627
	Metformin	4.71 (1.28, 8.14)	0.007	2.26 (-1.21, 5.72)	0.202
	Both	Reference
Intercept				192.41

^aP ≤ 0.20.

^bP < 0.05

95%CI: 95% confidence interval.