Longitudinal effects of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccination on metabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia

Table 5 Generalized estimating equations multiple regression analysis for high-density lipoprotein

Variables (n = 224)	Categories	Crude effect		Adjusted effect
		β (95%CI)	P value	β (95%CI)	P value
Vaccination status	Vaccinated	-0.21 (-1.02, 0.59)	0.6091	1.30 (-0.74, 3.34)	0.210
	Unvaccinated	Reference		Reference
Time			< 0.001a		< 0.001b
	3 months	-3.69 (-4.96, -2.42)	< 0.001	-2.23 (-3.74, -0.72)	0.004b
	6 months	-2.22 (-3.55, -0.89)	0.001	-1.19 (-2.82, 0.43)	0.150
	9 months	-3.43 (-4.37, -2.49)	< 0.001	-3.60 (-4.67, -2.54)	< 0.001b
	1 year	2.95 (--4.26, -1.64)	< 0.001	-3.19 (-4.82, -1.57)	< 0.001b
	Baseline	Reference		Reference
Group timeb	Vaccinated 3 months			-5.75 (-8.18, -3.33)	< 0.001b
	Vaccinated 6 months			-4.04 (-6.58, -1.49)	0.002b
	Vaccinated 9 months			0.67 (-1.55, 2.90)	0.553
	Vaccinated 1 year			0.96 (-1.58, 3.50)	0.457
	Vaccinated baseline			Reference
Age group	≤ 40 years	2.15 (1.16, 3.14)	< 0.001a	2.23 (1.21, 3.25)	< 0.001b
	> 40 years	Reference		Reference
Sex	Female	1.23 (0.22, 2.23)	0.017a	1.33 (.35, 2.31)	0.008b
	Male	Reference		Reference
Alcohol exposure	Yes	-0.57 (-1.76, 0.62)	0.348
	No	Reference
Chat exposure	Yes	0.23 (-1.08, 1.53)	0.734
	No	Reference
Smoking exposure	Yes	0.06 (-1.41, 1.53)	0.934
	No	Reference
Medications			0.081		0.749
	Insulin	0.23 (-1.19, 1.64)	0.753	0.29 (-1.08, 1.67)	0.676
	Metformin	-1.03 (-2.09, 0.03)	0.057	-0.27 (-1.36, 0.82)	0.628
	Both	Reference		Reference
Intercept				57.58

^aP ≤ 0.20.

^bP < 0.05

¹Biological criteria.

95%CI: 95% confidence interval.