Longitudinal effects of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccination on metabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia

Table 4 Generalized estimating equations multiple regression analysis for triglyceride

Variables (n = 224)	Categories	Crude effect		Adjusted effect
		β (95%CI)	P value	β (95%CI)	P value
Vaccination status	Vaccinated	0.07 (-2.76, 2.91)	0.9591	1.46 (-1.09, 4.02)	0.263
	Unvaccinated	Reference		Reference
Time			< 0.00a		< 0.00b
	3 months	0.15 (-3.40, 3.71)	0.933	0.15 (-3.40, 3.71)	0.933
	6 months	0.35 (-3.62, 4.32)	0.862	0.35 (-3.62, 4.32)	0.862
	9 months	-0.67 (-2.84, 1.49)	0.542	-0.67 (-2.84, 1.49)	0.542
	1 year	0.07 (-2.09, 2.24)	0.948	0.07 (-2.09, 2.24)	0.948
	Base line	Reference		Reference
Group timeb					0.070
	Vaccinated 3 months			3.87 (-2.99, 10.72)	0.269
	Vaccinated 6 months			1.90 (-5.29, 9.10)	0.604
	Vaccinated 9 months			-0.77 (-6.49, 4.96)	0.793
	Vaccinated 1 year			-1.77 (-7.49, 3.96)	0.546
	Vaccinated baseline			Reference
Age group	≤ 40 years	-12.92 (-16.27, -9.57)	< 0.001a	-13.29 (-16.70, -9.88)	< 0.001b
	> 40 years	Reference		Reference
Sex	Female	-6.40 (-10.33, -2.48)	0.001a	-8.68 (-12.41, -4.95)	< 0.001b
	Male	Reference		Reference
Alcohol exposure	Yes	-6.38 (-10.42, -2.35)	0.002a	-8.77 (-12.64, -4.89)	< 0.001b
	No	Reference		Reference
Chat exposure	Yes	2.45 (-3.18, 8.09)	0.394
	No	Reference
Smoking exposure	Yes	3.32 (-7.28, 13.93)	0.539
	No	Reference
Medications			0.003a		0.394
	Insulin	1.16 (-4.15, 6.47)	0.668	0.79 (-3.97, 5.56)	0.745
	Metformin	7.08 (2.73, 11.44)	0.001	2.75 (-1.23, 6.72)	0.176
	Both	Reference		Reference
Intercept				167.68

^aP ≤ 0.20.

^bP < 0.05

¹Biological criteria.

95%CI: 95% confidence interval.