Association between anemia and the risk of diabetic foot ulcer: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Country	Design	No. of patients with DM	Mean age (years)	Men (%)	Duration of diabetes (years)	No. of patients with DFU	Definition of anemia	Outcomes reported	Variables matched or adjusted
Hokkam et al[16], 2009	Egypt	CC	300	57.6	58.7	17.1	180	NR	OR of anemia	Age, duration of diabetes, insulin use, and smoking
Khanbhai et al[17], 2012	UK	CC	40	65	60	NR	10	NA	Difference of HGB	None
Jiang et al[18], 2015	China	CC	1333	58.7	58.8	8.7	452	NA	Difference of HGB and OR per 1-g/dL decrease of HGB	Age, sex, BMI, blood lipids, smoking, diabetic complications, OADs, and insulin use
Alsayegh et al[19], 2017	Kuwait	CS	1580	52.3	50.3	NR	429	Males < 13 g/dL, females < 12 g/dL	OR of anemia	None
Shareef et al[20], 2019	Pakistan	CC	322	NR	73.9	NR	161	Males < 13 g/dL, females < 12 g/dL	Difference of HGB and OR of anemia	Age, sex, blood lipids, and HbA1c
Shi et al[21], 2021	China	CC	1001	58.7	71.5	10.8	494	NA	Difference of HGB	None
Shi et al[21], 2021	China	CC	487	61.7	71.7	9.5	231	NA	Difference of HGB	None
Jiang et al[22], 2022	China	CS	853	60.5	69.2	11.7	369	NA	OR per 1-g/dL decrease of HGB	Age, sex, duration of DM, smoking, diabetic complications, and comorbidities
Ardelean et al[24], 2023	Romania	CS	112	63.8	66.1	NR	80	NA	Difference of HGB	Age, sex, BMI, and DM duration
Li et al[25], 2023	China	CS	334	67.3	52.1	9.8	84	NA	Difference of HGB	None
Li et al[26], 2023	China	CS	145	67.9	53.8	12.1	80	NA	Difference of HGB and OR per 1-g/dL decrease of HGB	Age, sex, DM duration, Scr, HbA1c, Alb, TC and CRP
Afrid et al[23], 2023	Pakistan	CS	371	42.6	73.4	8.7	97	Males < 13 g/dL, females < 12 g/dL	OR of anemia	None
Rupasinghe et al[30], 2024	Sri Lanka	CS	252	56.9	48.8	NR	18	Males < 13 g/dL, females < 12 g/dL	OR of anemia	None
Zaki et al[31], 2024	Saudi Arabia	CS	100	60	74	NR	81	Males < 13 g/dL, females < 12 g/dL	OR of anemia	None
Fan et al[28], 2024	US	CS	161834	65.8	62.4	NR	47604	Database codes of IDA	OR of anemia	Age, sex, comorbidities, and ethnicity
Cao et al[27], 2024	US	CS	1673	64.7	52.6	NR	136	Males < 13 g/dL, females < 12 g/dL	OR of anemia	Age, sex, race and ethnicity, BMI, comorbidities, smoking, alcohol drinking, blood lipids, HbA1c, and serum ferritin
Jiang et al[29], 2024	China	CS	212	65	53.3	11.3	105	NA	Difference of HGB and OR per 1-g/dL decrease of HGB	Age, sex, DM duration, PAD, smoking, blood lipids, and SCr

Alb: Albumin; BMI: Body mass index; CC: Case-control; CRP: C-reactive protein; CS: Cross-sectional; DFU: Diabetic foot ulcer; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; HGB: Hemoglobin; NR: Not reported; OR: Odds ratio; PAD: Peripheral artery disease; SCr: Serum creatinine; TC: Total cholesterol.