Correlation between serum advanced glycation end-products and their receptor-mediated oxidative stress and perinatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 3 Comparison of general data of pregnant women with different perinatal outcomes

Parameter	Normal perinatal outcome (n = 89)	Adverse perinatal outcome (n = 37)	χ2/t	P value
Age (years)	28.66 ± 3.26	29.24 ± 3.76	0.869	0.387
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	22.11 ± 2.14	22.21 ± 2.17	0.238	0.812
Parity (time)			3.965	0.138
0	33	20
1	51	14
≥ 2	5	3
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)	38.27 ± 0.75	38.31 ± 0.71	0.277	0.782
Newborn body mass (g)	3677 ± 335	3663 ± 347	0.211	0.833
Adverse outcome			-	-
Newborn birth weight does not correspond to the week of gestation	-	9
Congenital dysplasia	-	6
Birth injury	-	3
Neonatal asphyxia	-	6
Newborns hypoglycemia	-	4
Neonatal ultrasound or neonatal electrocardiogram abnormalities	-	6
Neonatal neurobehavioral score < 35 points	-	3
History of smoking	6	6	2.723	0.099
History of drinking	10	8	2.302	0.129
Family history of diabetes	22	14	2.204	0.138
FPG
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	5.51 ± 0.32	5.47 ± 0.33	0.633	0.528
Before delivery	4.77 ± 0.38	4.83 ± 0.48	0.745	0.457
HbA1c (%)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	6.06 ± 0.28	6.04 ± 0.32	0.350	0.727
Before delivery	5.56 ± 0.52	5.50 ± 0.38	0.634	0.527
TC (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	5.42 ± 0.36	5.51 ± 0.38	1.257	0.211
Before delivery	5.98 ± 0.39	5.89 ± 0.34	1.223	0.224
TG (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	2.94 ± 0.21	2.92 ± 0.22	0.480	0.632
Before delivery	3.18 ± 0.37	3.19 ± 0.35	0.140	0.889
HDL-C (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	1.70 ± 0.29	1.72 ± 0.35	0.331	0.741
Before delivery	1.86 ± 0.24	1.81 ± 0.35	0.924	0.357
LDL-C (mmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	3.64 ± 0.45	3.60 ± 0.54	0.428	0.669
Before delivery	3.84 ± 0.48	3.89 ± 0.46	0.539	0.591
AGE (ng/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	436.22 ± 56.73	525.93 ± 38.75	8.795	< 0.00011
Before delivery	445.23 ± 53.78	541.10 ± 51.51	9.225	< 0.00011
sRAGE (ng/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	295.75 ± 36.52	255.70 ± 28.03	5.973	< 0.00011
Before delivery	275.72 ± 33.17	254.18 ± 24.51	3.563	< 0.0011
SOD (U/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	83.94 ± 3.18	82.16 ± 3.06	2.898	0.0051
Before delivery	80.76 ± 2.81	79.10 ± 3.39	2.284	0.0051
MDA (μmol/L)
At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy	4.63 ± 0.64	5.12 ± 0.75	3.667	< 0.0011
Before delivery	5.09 ± 0.89	5.56 ± 0.70	2.877	0.0051

¹Statistically significant difference.

BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; AGE: Advanced glycation end-product; sRAGE: Soluble advanced glycation end-product receptor; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde.