Associations of nontraditional lipoprotein ratios with future cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants, n (%)

Characteristics	Total (n = 10182)	With MACE (n = 1813)	Without MACE (n = 8369)	P value
TC/HDL-C	4.63 ± 1.51	4.88 ± 1.57	4.58 ± 1.49	< 0.001
LDL-C/HDL-C	2.64 ± 1.00	2.80 ± 1.07	2.60 ± 0.99	< 0.001
Non-HDL-C/HDL-C	3.63 ± 1.51	3.88 ± 1.57	3.58 ± 1.49	< 0.001
RC/HDL-C	0.99 ± 0.85	1.09 ± 0.87	0.97 ± 0.85	< 0.001
Male	6254 (61.42)	1253 (69.11)	5001 (59.76)	< 0.001
White	6362 (62.48)	1256 (69.28)	5106 (61.01)	< 0.001
Age (year), mean ± SD	62.81 ± 6.64	64.12 ± 7.12	62.53 ± 6.50	< 0.001
Educational level				0.001
Less than high school graduate	1500 (14.74)	304 (16.80)	1196 (14.30)	-
High school grad (or GED)	2688 (26.42)	478 (26.41)	2210 (26.42)	-
Some college or technical school	3338 (32.81)	614 (33.92)	2724 (32.56)	-
College graduate or more	2649 (26.03)	414 (22.87)	2235 (26.72)	-
Living alone	8118 (79.74)	1429 (78.82)	6689 (79.95)	0.280
Depression	2410 (23.67)	483 (26.66)	1927 (23.03)	< 0.001
Cigarette-smoking status	1238 (12.16)	252 (13.90)	986 (11.78)	0.012
Alcohol status	2429 (23.87)	427 (23.58)	2002 (23.93)	0.750
Duration of T2DM (years), mean ± SD	10.80 ± 7.60	12.20 ± 8.21	10.50 ± 7.42	< 0.001
Previous cardiovascular events	3580 (35.16)	962 (53.06)	2618 (31.28)	< 0.001
Previous heart failure	489 (4.80)	167 (9.22)	322 (3.85)	< 0.001
Previous hypertension	7674 (75.37)	1416 (78.10)	6258 (74.78)	0.003
Previous hyperlipidemia	7120 (69.93)	1296 (71.48)	5824 (69.59)	0.111
BMI, kg/m2	32.23 ± 5.40	32.30 ± 5.38	32.21 ± 5.41	0.557
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	136.35 ± 17.10	138.09 ± 18.01	135.98 ± 16.88	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	74.88 ± 10.66	73.71 ± 11.38	75.13 ± 10.49	< 0.001
Heart rate, bpm	72.68 ± 11.75	72.31 ± 12.30	72.75 ± 11.62	0.146
HbA1c, %	8.30 ± 1.06	8.41 ± 1.09	8.28 ± 1.05	< 0.001
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL	175.14 ± 56.11	180.43 ± 59.62	174.00 ± 55.26	< 0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	188.45 ± 135.70	199.28 ± 137.11	186.10 ± 135.29	< 0.001
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m2	91.05 ± 27.14	87.62 ± 26.95	91.80 ± 27.13	< 0.001
Insulin	1137 (11.17)	277 (15.28)	860 (10.28)	< 0.001
Biguanide	6509 (63.93)	1080 (59.57)	5429 (64.88)	< 0.001
ACEI/ARB	7057 (69.31)	1259 (69.44)	5798 (69.28)	0.891
Beta-blocker	3061 (30.14)	726 (40.13)	2335 (27.98)	< 0.001
Aspirin	5545 (54.72)	1033 (57.23)	4512 (54.17)	0.018
Statin	6463 (63.73)	1180 (65.30)	5283 (63.38)	0.124
Cholesterol absorption inhibitor	205 (2.02)	38 (2.11)	167 (2.01)	0.784

MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC: Remnant cholesterol; GED: General education development; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; bpm: Beet per minute; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker.