Glycated hemoglobin is not enough: The role of glycemia risk index for glycemic control assessment in type 1 diabetes

Table 3 Comparison of clinical characteristics and glycemic metrics between baseline and first follow-up in patients with baseline glycated hemoglobin < 7% or glycated hemoglobin ≥ 7% and decreased glycemia risk index, mean ± SD/n (%)

Characteristic	HbA1c < 7%		P value	HbA1c ≥ 7%		P value
	Baseline (n = 31)	First follow-up (n = 31)		Baseline (n = 47)	First follow-up (n = 47)
Age, years (IQR)	11 (7-22)	12 (8-22)	0.612	11 (7-20)	12 (8-21)	0.490
Duration, month (IQR)	24 (8-43)	31 (17-55)	0.137	19 (11-34)	28 (18-40)	0.022
Treatment method			0.799			0.472
CSII	15 (48.4)	14 (45.2)		34 (72.3)	37 (78.7)
MDI	16 (51.6)	17 (54.8)		13 (27.7)	10 (21.3)
HbA1c, % (IQR)	6.4 (6.1-6.8)	6.6 (6.3-6.9)	0.079	8.0 (7.5-8.4)	7.5 (7.1-8.2)	0.044
FCP, pmol/L (IQR)	27 (17-110)	17 (17-101)	0.404	26 (17-98)	23 (17-105)	0.724
2hCP, pmol/L (IQR)	50 (17-271)	17 (17-226)	0.581	69 (17-157)	35 (17-151)	0.957
CV, % (IQR)	39 ± 8	34 ± 7	0.025	38 (33-43)	38 (34-42)	0.958
SD	2.7 ± 0.8	2.6 ± 0.7	0.492	3.6 (3.2-4.2)	3.3 (2.7-3.9)	0.022
GMI, % (IQR)	6.3 ± 0.5	6.5 ± 0.5	0.086	7.4 (7.0-8.1)	6.9 (6.6-7.7)	0.004
VLow, % (IQR)	3.9 (1.1-5.2)	0.9 (0.1-2.3)	0.002	0.5 (0.04-2.2)	1.1 (0.3-2.5)	0.228
Low, % (IQR)	7.9 (5.4-10.4)	3.6 (2.2-7.3)	0.003	3.0 (1.0-5.1)	4.0 (2.1-6.0)	0.137
TBR, % (IQR)	12 (6-17)	5 (2-9)	< 0.001	3.3 (1.1-7.4)	5.4 (2.4-8.5)	0.100
TIR, % (IQR)	73 (64-80)	78 (65-84)	0.217	50 ± 16	62 ± 18	0.001
TAR, % (IQR)	13 (8-21)	12 (8-28)	0.502	45 ± 18	33 ± 18	0.002
High, % (IQR)	11 (7-17)	11 (7-22)	0.458	27 ± 7	22 ± 10	0.003
VHigh, % (IQR)	1.3 (0.2-2.9)	1.9 (0.3-5.1)	0.476	14 (6-27)	7 (2-16)	0.006
GRI-lo (IQR)	10 (5-14)	4 (2-8)	0.001	2.7 (0.9-6.6)	4.4 (2.0-7.2)	0.096
GRI-hi (IQR)	7 (4-12)	7 (4-17)	0.502	27 (20-42)	16 (11-34)	0.002
GRI (IQR)	48 ± 23	33 ± 18	0.007	56 (46-85)	42 (34-66)	0.004

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; CSII: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; MDI: Multiple daily insulin injection; FCP: Fasting C-peptide; 2hCP: 2-hour C-peptide; CV: Coefficient of variation; GMI: Glucose management indicator; Low: Low-glucose hypoglycemia (glucose level: 3.0 mmol/L to < 3.9 mmol/L); VLow: Very-low-glucose hypoglycemia (glucose level: < 3.0 mmol/L); TBR: Time below range; TAR: Time above range; TIR: Time in range; High: High-glucose hyperglycemia (glucose level: 10.0 mmol/L to 13.9 mmol/L); VHigh: Very-high-glucose hyperglycemia (glucose level: > 13.9 mmol/L); GRI-lo: Hypoglycemia component of glycemia risk index; GRI: Glycemia risk index; GRI-hi: The hyperglycemia component of glycemia risk index; IQR: Interquartile range.