Glycated hemoglobin is not enough: The role of glycemia risk index for glycemic control assessment in type 1 diabetes

Table 2 Comparison of glycemic and metabolic parameters among groups according to cluster analysis, n (%)

Characteristic	Cluster				P value
	Group 1 (n = 256)	Group 2 (n = 91)	Group 3 (n = 232)	Group 4 (n = 102)
TIR (IQR)	61 (53-66)	61 (54-66)	80 (76-86)	35 (29-41)	< 0.001
TIR subgroup					< 0.001
< 50%	42 (16.4)	13 (14.3)	0 (0.0)	102 (100.0)
50%-70%	197 (77.0)	70 (76.9)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
> 70%	17 (6.6)	8 (8.8)	232 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
TAR (IQR)	34 (28-41)	17 (11-24)	11 (7-16)	60 (53-68)	< 0.001
TAR < 25%	29 (11.3)	70 (76.9)	230 (99.1)	0 (0)	< 0.001
TBR (IQR)	5 (3-8)	20 (17-26)	6 (3-10)	4 (1-7)	< 0.001
TBR < 4%	103 (40.2)	0 (0)	85 (36.6)	50 (49.0)	< 0.001
CV (IQR)	40 (37-43)	48 (44-52)	34 (30-37)	42 (36-49)	< 0.001
CV < 36%	53 (20.7)	3 (3.3)	158 (68.1)	27 (26.5)	< 0.001
GRI (IQR)	49 (41-59)	74 (64-85)	27 (18-36)	86 (77-95)	< 0.001
MG, mmol/L (IQR)	8.84 (8.27-9.45)	6.81 (6.13-7.36)	7.01 (6.51-7.43)	11.48 (10.80-12.54)	< 0.001
HbA1c, % (IQR)	7.59 (7.10-8.09)	6.80 (6.40-7.25)	6.60 (6.30-6.94)	8.66 (8.10-9.19)	< 0.001
HbA1c < 7%	45 (17.6)	52 (57.1)	175 (75.4)	1 (1)	< 0.001
GMI, % (IQR)	7.12 (6.87-7.38)	6.24 (5.95-6.48)	6.33 (6.12-6.51)	8.25 (7.96-8.71)	< 0.001
GMI < 7%	100 (39.1)	86 (94.5)	231 (99.6)	0 (0)	< 0.001
High, % (IQR)	24 (22-28)	14 (9-17)	10 (7-14)	28 (23-33)	< 0.001
VHigh, % (IQR)	9 (6-13)	3 (1-6)	1 (0-2)	31 (26-37)	< 0.001
VLow, % (IQR)	1.0 (0.3-2.6)	9.6 (7.1-13.3)	0.8 (0.1-2.1)	0.9 (0.1-2.7)	< 0.001
Low, % (IQR)	3.9 (2.0-5.6)	10.8 (9.2-12.5)	4.9 (2.6-7.2)	2.6 (0.8-4.3)	< 0.001
FCP, pmol/L (IQR)	27 (17-106)	17 (17-51)	76 (17-161)	30 (17-97)	< 0.001
2hCP, pmol/L (IQR)	43 (17-169)	17 (17-125)	159 (17-357)	45 (17-132)	< 0.001
GRI-lo (IQR)	4 (2-7)	18 (15-23)	5 (2-8)	4 (1-6)	< 0.001
GRI-hi (IQR)	21 (17-27)	10 (6-14)	6 (4-9)	45 (39-51)	< 0.001

TBR: Time below range; TAR: Time above range; TIR: Time in range; GRI: Glycemia risk index; CV: Coefficient of variation; MG: Mean glucose; GMI: Glucose management indicator; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; FCP: Fasting C-peptide; 2hCP: 2-hour C-peptide; Low: Low-glucose hypoglycemia (glucose level: 3.0 mmol/L to < 3.9 mmol/L); VLow: Very-low-glucose hypoglycemia (glucose level: < 3.0 mmol/L); High: High-glucose hyperglycemia (glucose level: 10.0 mmol/L to 13.9 mmol/L); VHigh: Very-high-glucose hyperglycemia (glucose level: > 13.9 mmol/L); GRI-lo: Hypoglycemia component of glycemia risk index; GRI-hi: The hyperglycemia component of glycemia risk index; IQR: Interquartile range.