Prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms in Chinese diabetic patients: A study based on Andersen’s behavioral model

Table 5 Variables associated with depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus in the logistic regression analysis

Variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	OR	SE	OR	SE	OR	SE	OR	SE
Predisposing characteristic
Age	0.985a	0.006	0.984a	0.006	0.976b	0.008	0.984	0.009
Sex: Male	0.447b	0.051	0.436b	0.051	0.522b	0.069	0.426b	0.106
Education1
Primary or middle	0.830	0.128	0.912	0.138	0.980	0.183	0.929	0.219
High school and above	0.335b	0.070	0.416b	0.087	0.459b	0.112	0.432a	0.141
Marital status: Married	0.954	0.147	0.883	0.143	0.860	0.151	0.634a	0.136
Enabling resource
Residence2
Urban areas	-	-	0.673a	0.114	0.877	0.155	1.004	0.191
Combination zone	-	-	1.128	0.241	1.268	0.233	1.536	0.361
Personal income	-	-	0.986	0.020	1.006	0.024	1.020	0.024
Months of living with children	-	-	0.977	0.025	0.966	0.028	1.002	0.034
Social activity: Yes	-	-	0.814a	0.083	0.920	0.108	0.846	0.121
Healthcare need
Self-rated health3
Fair	-	-	-	-	0.475b	0.063	0.458b	0.074
Good	-	-	-	-	0.379b	0.109	0.247b	0.070
Pain4
Mild	-	-	-	-	1.204	0.206	1.440a	0.249
Severe	-	-	-	-	2.372b	0.424	2.644b	0.532
BADL impairment: Yes	-	-	-	-	2.112b	0.270	1.886b	0.323
Disability: Yes	-	-	-	-	1.267	0.158	1.332	0.201
Sleep duration	-	-	-	-	0.676b	0.101	0.642a	0.118
Health behaviors
Outpatient visit	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.081	0.050
Hospitalization	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.006	0.063
Health service satisfaction5
Neutral	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.902	0.174
Satisfied	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.579b	0.121
DM treatment: Yes	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.912	0.162
Blood glucose test	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.005	0.053
Smoking: Yes	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.200	0.258
Drinking: Yes	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.255	0.252

^aP < 0.05, SE (weighted) in parentheses.

^bP < 0.01, SE (weighted) in parentheses.

¹Reference group: Not formally educated.

²Reference group: Rural areas.

³Reference group: Poor.

⁴Reference group: None.

⁵Reference group: Dissatisfied.

BADL: Basic activities of daily living; OR: Odds ratio.