Longitudinal assessment of pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in type 1 diabetes

Table 4 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients at both timepoints

Characteristics	Timepoint 1, n = 66	Timepoint 2, n = 66	P value
Age (year)	47 ± 11.2	55.4 ± 11.3	< 0.001
Male sex	29 (44)	29 (44)	1
Female sex	37 (56)	37 (56)
Smoking	17 (25.8)	12 (18.2)	0.125
Alcohol	14 (21.2)	7 (10.6)	0.016
DM duration in years	19.3 ± 9.7	27.6 ± 9.6	< 0.001
DM-related complications	31 (47)	41 (62.1)	0.006
Retinopathy	29 (43.9)	33 (50)	0.344
Kidney disease	12 (18.2)	15 (22.7)	0.375
Neuropathy	9 (13.6)	14 (21.2)	0.063
Cardiovascular disease	1 (1.5)	2 (3)	1
Peripheral arteriopathy	1 (1.5)	4 (6.1)	0.250
HbA1c (%)	7.7 ± 1	7.5 ± 0.8	0.020
Fecal elastase (µg/g), median (IQR)	227.5 (253)	171.5 (246)	0.094
Fecal elastase group (µg/g)			0.035
> 200	39 (59.1)	27 (40.9)
100-200	13 (19.7)	20 (30.3)
< 100	14 (21.2)	19 (28.8)
Gastrointestinal symptoms	25 (37.9)	17 (25.8)	0.077
Dyspepsia	21 (31.8)	15 (22.7)	0.180
Diarrhea	4 (6.1)	3 (4.5)	1
Abdominal pain	3 (4.5)	2 (3)	1
BMI (kg/m2)	25.4 (4.4)	25.8 (4.6)	0.110
Nutritional markers below LLN1
Prealbumin	34 (52.3)	35 (53.8)	0.835
Retinol binding protein	34 (52.3)	20 (31.7)	0.003
Vitamin A	7 (10.8)	2 (3.1)	0.125
Vitamin D	21 (32.8)	37 (56.9)	0.007

¹Only parameters with a frequency of ≥ 10% cases in any of the time points are displayed in the table.

Data were showed as mean ± SD or n (%). DM: Diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; BMI: Body mass index; IQR: Interquartile range (Q1-Q3); LLN: Lower limit of normal.