Longitudinal assessment of pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in type 1 diabetes

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors and clinical characteristics for low fecal elastase concentration

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	Normal FEC, n = 62	Abnormal FEC, n = 44	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Age (year)	45.1 ± 11.7	47.3 ± 11.8	0.364
Male sex	26 (41.9)	27 (61.4)	0.049	3.14	1.30-8.06	0.013
Female sex	36 (58.1)	17 (38.6)
Smoking	13 (21)	16 (36.4)	0.080
Alcohol	7 (11.3)	12 (27.3)	0.035
DM duration (year)	18.4 ± 10	20.8 ± 10.8	0.244
DM-related complications	19 (30.6)	26 (59.1)	0.004
Retinopathy	17 (27.4)	25 (56.8)	0.002	2.63	1.09-6.44	0.032
Kidney disease	8 (12.9)	10 (22.7)	0.184
Neuropathy	7 (11.3)	8 (18.2)	0.316
Cardiovascular disease	0	1 (2.3)	0.415
Peripheral arteriopathy	1 (1.6)	2 (4.5)	0.569
HbA1c (%)	7.6 ± 0.9	8.1 ± 1.1	0.017	1.83	1.15-3.06	0.015
Gastrointestinal symptoms	27 (43.5)	13 (29.5)	0.143
BMI (kg/m2)	24.7 ± 3.9	26 ± 4.9	0.183
Serum nutritional markers
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.9 ± 1.3	14.3 ± 1.2	0.124
Mean corpuscular volume (fL)	92.2 ± 6.5	93.1 ± 5.8	0.449
Lymphocytes (× 106/L)	1713 ± 566	1920 ± 578	0.068
Prothrombin index	98.1 ± 4.1	98.6 ± 4.0	0.491
Total proteins (g/L)	7.0 ± 0.4	6.9 ± 0.4	0.507
Albumin (g/dL)	4.4 ± 0.3	4.4 ± 0.3	0.441
Prealbumin (mg/dL)	20.9 ± 5.4	20.8 ± 3.6	0.880
Retinol binding protein (mg/dL)	3.2 ± 1.3	3.2 ± 1.0	0.864
Transferrin (mg/dL)	232.9 ± 42.2	232.8 ± 42.9	0.995
Ferritin (µg/L)	100.5 ± 96.8	79.2 ± 71.2	0.226
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	180 ± 34.5	182 ± 33	0.798
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	64.3 ± 26.9	62.9 ± 40.4	0.220
Vitamin A (mg/L)	0.4 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.1	0.913
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	26.6 ± 10.3	23.7 ± 9.6	0.161
Vitamin E (mg/L)	13.3 ± 3.0	13.6 ± 3.9	0.642
Vitamin B12 (ng/L)	504.5 ± 286	367.5 ± 183	0.006
Folic acid (µg/L)	11.4 ± 5.2	11.7 ± 4.1	0.790
Calcium (mg/L)	9.4 ± 0.4	9.6 ± 0.3	0.027
Iron (mg/dL)	79.6 ± 31.5	91.1 ± 37.5	0.093
Magnesium (mg/dL)	1.9 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 0.2	0.180
Zinc (µg/dL)	75.3 ± 14.5	76.3 ± 13.5	0.742

Data were showed as mean ± SD or n (%). DM: Diabetes mellitus; FEC: Fecal elastase concentration; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; BMI: Body mass index; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.