Longitudinal assessment of pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Characteristics and outcomes

Clinical characteristics and FEC	Time 1, n = 106
Baseline characteristics
Age (year)	46.2 ± 11.8
Male sex	53 (50)
Smoking	29 (27.3)
Alcohol	19 (17.9)
DM characteristics and control
DM duration in years	19.3 ± 9.7
HbA1c (%)	7.8 ± 1
DM-related complications1	45 (42.5)
Retinopathy	42 (39.6)
Kidney disease	18 (17)
Neuropathy	15 (14.2)
Cardiovascular disease	1 (0.9)
Peripheral artery disease	3 (2.8)
Fecal elastase concentration (µg/g), median (IQR)	239.5 (266)
> 200	62 (58.5)
100-200	21 (19.8)
< 100	23 (21.7)
Gastrointestinal symptoms
No	66 (62.3)
Yes2	40 (37.7)
Diarrhea	6 (5.7)
Abdominal pain	5 (4.7)
Dyspepsia	33 (31.1)
Nutritional status
BMI (kg/m2)	25.2 ± 4.4

¹Some patients presented more than one diabetes-related complication.

²Some patients reported more than one symptom.

Data were showed as mean ± SD or n (%). FEC: Fecal elastase concentration; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; IQR: Interquartile range (Q1-Q3).