Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on gastric mucosal visibility during upper endoscopy in Asian patients with diabetes

Table 1 Characteristics of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist users and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor users before and after matching, n (%)

Characteristic	Before matching (n = 733)					After matching (n = 493)
	Total (n = 733)	GLP-1RA (n = 208)	DPP4i (n = 525)	ASMD	P value	Total (n = 493)	GLP-1RA (n = 198)	DPP4i (n = 295)	ASMD	P value
Age (years)	64.2 ± 10.4	61.2 ± 10.9	65.5 ± 9.9	0.4119	< 0.0001	62.1 ± 10.2	61.6 ± 10.8	62.3 ± 9.7	0.067	0.4702
Sex (male)	471 (64.3)	133 (63.9)	338 (64.4)	0.0091	0.9791	320 (64.9)	129 (65.2)	191 (64.7)	0.0085	0.9263
BMI (kg/m2)	25.4 ± 3.79	26.4 ± 3.82	25.0 ± 3.71	0.3731	< 0.0001	26.0 ± 3.74	26.3 ± 3.85	25.8 ± 3.66	0.1314	0.1504
HbA1c (%)	7.10 ± 1.22	7.53 ± 1.27	6.93 ± 1.15	0.4907	< 0.0001	7.30 ± 1.16	7.42 ± 1.17	7.23 ± 1.16	0.1665	0.0754
Insulin use	165 (22.5)	70 (33.7)	95 (18.1)	0.361	< 0.0001	138 (28)	63 (31.8)	75 (25.4)	0.1418	0.1217
DM complication	266 (36.3)	83 (39.9)	183 (34.9)	0.1045	0.2317	177 (35.9)	78 (39.4)	99 (33.6)	0.1214	0.1859
Low eGFR	128 (17.5)	17 (8.2)	111 (21.1)	0.373	< 0.0001	44 (8.9)	17 (8.6)	27 (9.2)	0.0199	0.8287
Hypertension	422 (57.6)	121 (58.2)	301 (57.3)	0.017	0.9009	279 (56.6)	115 (58.1)	164 (55.6)	0.0502	0.5849
Cardiovascular disease	72 (9.8)	23 (11.1)	49 (9.3)	0.057	0.569	51 (10.3)	20 (10.1)	31 (10.5)	0.0134	0.8842
Cerebrovascular accident	41 (5.6)	15 (7.2)	26 (5.0)	0.0946	0.3069	27 (5.5)	13 (6.6)	14 (4.7)	0.0788	0.3859
Gastric modulator
Increasing motility1	27 (3.7)	7 (3.4)	20 (3.8)	0.0239	0.9439	12 (2.4)	7 (3.5)	5 (1.7)	0.1155	0.2034
Decreasing motility2	18 (2.5)	4 (1.9)	14 (2.7)	0.0497	0.7917	13 (2.6)	4 (2.0)	9 (3.1)	0.0656	0.4869

¹Gastric modulators increasing motility included prokinetic agents.

²Gastric modulators decreasing motility included tricyclic antidepressants, opioid medications, and anticholinergic agents.

GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; DPP4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; ASMD: Absolute standardized mean difference; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.