Liraglutide alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by enhancing mitophagy mediated by the AMPK-Parkin signaling pathway

Figure 7 The molecular mechanism of the improvement of liraglutide in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Graphic summary demonstrating liraglutide could be a novel AMPK-Parkin activator to ameliorate myocardial dysfunction in high-fat diet and streptozotocin induced rat. In diabetes, liraglutide increases phosphorylation of AMPK, upregulates the expression of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and Parkin, and then, recruits and phosphorylates more Parkin, activates mitophagy, and improves mitochondrial function (mitochondrial membrane potential recovery, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level decrease and ATP content increase). HFD: High-fat diet; STZ: Streptozotocin; HG: High glucose; PA: Palmitic acid; ∆Ψm: Mitochondrial membrane potential. Created in BioRender (Supplementary material).