Oral Akkermansia muciniphila may ameliorates immune dysregulation in a murine model of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes

Figure 2 Analysis of the regulatory T cells phenotype, spleen cytokine profile and intestinal mucosa immunohistochemistry (30-fold) in each group of mice. A: Flow gating strategy; B: Columnar diagram of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4⁺ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3⁺) regulatory T (Treg) cells expression in the spleens of the mice in each group (n = 8); C: Spleen CD4⁺/CD8⁺ cell ratio histogram for each group (n = 8); D: Histogram of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) expression in the spleens of the mice in each group (n = 10); E: Correlation analysis between CD4⁺ FoxP3⁺ Tregs and TGF-β (n = 20); F: Columnar diagram of tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in the spleens of the mice in each group (n = 6-7); G: Spleen interferon-gamma expression histogram for each group of mice (n = 6-7); H: Histogram of interleukin-4 expression in the spleens of the mice in each group (n = 6-7); I: Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 positive expression score for the mouse colon (30 times); J: Histogram of NF-κB p65 comprehensive positive intensity histochemistry score for the colon in each group (n = 4); K: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 positive expression score in the mouse colon (30 times); L: Histochemical score of colon signal transducer and activator of transcription. ^aP < 0.05 vs negative control group. ^bP < 0.01 vs negative control group. ^cP < 0.001 vs negative control group. ^dP < 0.05 vs streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus group. ^eP < 0.01 vs streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus group. ^fP < 0.001 vs streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus group. NC group: Negative control group; STZ group: Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus group; A. muciniphila group: Akkermansia muciniphila intervention group; FSC-A: Forward scatter area; SSC-A: Side scatter area; FSC-H: Forward scatter height; CD: Cluster of differentiation; FoxP3: Forkhead box P3; Treg: Regulatory T; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; IL-4: Interleukin-4; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B; STAT1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1.