Mechanisms behind the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of seaweeds or macroalgae and their bioactive compounds

Figure 3 The dysregulation of glycemic control and the antidiabetic effects of seaweeds and their compounds, involving molecular mechanisms of glycemic control regulation through inhibition of digestive enzymes, modulation of glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity and secretion, and protection of pancreatic beta cells. GLUT: Glucose transporter; IRS: Insulin receptor substrates; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; AMP: Adenosine monophosphate.