Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and impaired vascular function in type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Characteristics of participants stratified by vascular function, n (%)

Variables	Total	Normal vascular function	Impaired vascular function	P value
Sample size	343	255	88
Age (years)	54 (48, 59)	52 (45, 57)	59 (55, 65)	< 0.001
Gender				0.45
Male	218 (63.6)	165 (64.7)	53 (60.2)
Female	125 (36.4)	90 (35.3)	35 (39.8)
Smoking				0.64
Yes	128 (37.3)	97 (38.0)	31 (35.2)
No	215 (62.7)	158 (62.0)	57 (64.8)
Drinking				0.42
Yes	89 (25.9)	69 (27.1)	20 (22.7)
No	254 (74.1)	186 (72.9)	68 (77.3)
Hypertension				< 0.001
Yes	186 (54.2)	123 (48.2)	63 (71.6)
No	157 (45.8)	132 (51.8)	25 (28.4)
SBP (mmHg)	120 (120, 130)	120 (115, 126)	120 (112, 124)	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	80 (70, 80)	80 (70, 80)	80 (70, 80)	0.83
BMI (kg/m2)	25.0 (22.8, 30.1)	24.9 (22.5, 27.1)	25.9 (24.0, 28.6)	0.02
HbAlc (%)1	9.4 (7.8, 11.2)	9.4 (7.8, 11.3)	9.0 (7.5, 11.0)	0.25
TG (mmol/L)1	1.71 (1.06, 2.59)	1.79 (1.07, 2.68)	1.57 (1.05, 2.25)	0.23
TC (mmol/L)1	4.9 (4.2, 5.7)	5.0 (4.2, 5.7)	4.8 (4.3, 5.8)	0.54
HDL (mmol/L)1	1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	0.37
LDL (mmol/L)1	3.0 (2.5, 3.6)	3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.0 (2.6, 3.9)	0.49
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)1	90.9 (79.6, 104.0)	92.6 (81.3, 105.3)	87.9 (77.0, 98.7)	0.02
CRF (MET)	5.7 (4.8, 6.6)	5.9 (5.0, 6.7)	5.2 (4.5, 6.0)	< 0.001

¹There were 28 participants without information on estimated glomerular filtration rate, triglycerides and total cholesterol, 29 without high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and 24 without hemoglobin A1c.

SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRF: Cardiorespiratory fitness; MET: Metabolic equivalent.