Association between circulating sex hormone levels and diabetic kidney disease in men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i11.111366

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Nov 15, 2025; 16(11): 111366
Published online Nov 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i11.111366

Table 4 Association of sex hormone level quartiles with diabetic kidney disease in men

	Odds ratio (95%CI)		β (95%CI)
	Model 1¹	Model 2²	β (95%CI)
Testosterone
Q1	Reference	Reference	Reference
Q2	0.984 (0.442 2.19)	0.794 (0,305, 2.069)	0.046 (-0.477, 0.570)
Q3	0.97 (0.435, 2.159)	0.915 (0.354, 2.362)	0.141 (-0.372, 0.655)
Q4	1.319 (0.579, 3.006)	1.243 (0.469, 3.294)	0.204 (-0.330, 0.739)
P for trend	0.52	0.619	0.405
Per SD increase	1.017 (0.749, 1.381)	1.034 (0.717, 1.491)	0.037 (-0.149, 0.224)
DHEAS
Q1	Reference	Reference	Reference
Q2	1.319 (0.605, 2.873)	0.880 (0.350, 2.214)	-0.345 (-0.830, -0.140)
Q3	0.52 (0.209, 1.295)	0.273 (0.089, 0.838)^a	-1.014 (-1.525, -0.503)^a
Q4	1.595 (0.664, 3.833)	1.273 (0.439, 3.694)	-0.691 (-1.241, -0.141)^a
P for trend	0.526	0.969	0.006^a
Per SD increase	1.023 (0.738, 1.417)	0.868 (0.586, 1.286)	-0.328 (-0.530, -0.127)^a
Androstenedione
Q1	Reference	Reference	Reference
Q2	1.641 (0.732, 3.675)	1.933 (0.764, 4.886)	0.103 (-0.393, 0.599)
Q3	1.221 (0.538, 2.771)	1.006 (0.393, 2.576)	-0.074 (-0.567, 0.418)
Q4	1.641 (0.733, 3.671)	1.454 (0.551, 3.838)	-0.120 (-0.632, 0.392)
P for trend	0.364	0.772	0.504
Per SD increase	1.021 (0.986, 1.056)	1.023 (0.718, 1.458)	-0.035 (-0.219, 0.149)
E2
Q1	Reference	Reference
Q2	1.695 (0.706, 4.069)	2.066 (0.726, 5.885)	0.152 (-0.363, 0.668)
Q3	2.113 (0.899, 4.97)	2.627 (0.947, 7.293)	0.291 (-0.234, 0.815)
Q4	2.616 (1.1, 6.222)^a	3.097 (1.083, 8.856)^a	0.451 (-0.088, 0.989)
P for trend	0.029^a	0.041^a	0.088
Per SD increase	1.411 (1.053, 1.891)^a	1.527 (1.077, 2.165)^a	0.219 (0.027, 0.411)^a
LH
Q1	Reference	Reference
Q2	3.228 (1.276, 8.166)^a	3.423 (1.139, 10.283)^a	0.719 (0.210, 1.227)^a
Q3	3.398 (1.345, 8.582)^a	3.359 (1.142, 9.879)^a	0.600 (0.093, 1.106)^a
Q4	4.008 (1.507, 10.659)^a	4.164 (1.300, 13.330)^a	0.568 (0.020, 1.116)^a
P for trend	0.02^a	0.048^a	0.151
Per SD increase	1.192 (0.89, 1.597)	1.175 (0.819, 1.687)	0.032 (-0.164, 0.228)
FSH
Q1	Reference	Reference	Reference
Q2	0.604 (0.269, 1.354)	0.554 (0.213, 1.441)	-0.103 (-0.619, 0.413)
Q3	0.705 (0.309, 1.609)	0.629 (0.234, 1.685)	0.002 (-0.532, 0.537)
Q4	0.56 (0.232, 1.352)	0.706 (0.257, 1.945)	-0.375 (-0.933, 0.183)
P for trend	0.328	0.766	0.174
Per SD increase	0.856 (0.618, 1.186)	0.927 (0.629, 1.364)	-0.076 (-0.269, 0.117)

^aP < 0.05.

¹Adjusts for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes.

²Model 1 + use of sodium-glucosecotrasporter-2 inhibitor, use of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, hypertension, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker/angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral vascular disease, total triglycerides, uric acid, glycated hemoglobin.

β: Regression coefficient; CI: Confidence interval; DHEAS: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; E2: Estradiol; FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: Luteinizing hormone; Q: Quartile; SD: Standard deviation.

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Citation: Shi Y, Zhang Y, Zhou AD, Zou HY, Wang MM, Xu F, Cai MY. Association between circulating sex hormone levels and diabetic kidney disease in men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(11): 111366
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i11/111366.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i11.111366

Shi Y, Zhang Y, Zhou AD, Zou HY, Wang MM, Xu F, Cai MY. Association between circulating sex hormone levels and diabetic kidney disease in men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(11): 111366 [PMID: 41278451 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i11.111366]

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