Association between circulating sex hormone levels and diabetic kidney disease in men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients classified by renal function and sex, n (%)

	Men (n = 249)			Women (n = 107)
	With DKD (n = 73)	Without DKD (n = 176)	P value	With DKD (n = 34)	Without DKD (n = 73)	P value
Baseline information
Age, year	55.11 ± 13.50	52.45 ± 13.26	0.153	66.32 ± 9.13	61.59 ± 8.32	0.009a
Height, cm	168 (10.5)	170 (9.5)	0.017a	156.5 (6.5)	158 (7)	0.609
Weight, kg	70.65 (16.56)	69.3 (16.8)	0.7	55.86 ± 9.30	60.07 ± 11.29	0.061
BMI, kg/m2	25.17 (4.93)	24.4 (4.55)	0.054	23.59 (6)	24.5 (4.39)	0.103
SBP, mmHg	128.5 (29.5)	124 (22.5)	0.371	132.29 ± 21.83	131.34 ± 17.52	0.81
DBP, mmHg	83.82 ± 13.24	82.7 ± 10.85	0.487	76.18 ± 12.51	80.27 ± 10.53	0.081
Duration of T2DM, year	13.5 (11.75)	7.5 (8.25)	0.497	13.5 (11.75)	7.5 (8.25)	0.000a
Current drinking	36 (49.3)	81 (46.0)	0.636	0	0
Current smoking	13 (17.8)	37 (21.0)	0.564	1 (2.9)	4 (5.5)	0.489
Hypertension	42 (57.5)	57 (32.4)	0.000a	20 (58.8)	28 (38.4)	0.047a
Antihypertensive therapy
Use of ACEI/ABR/ARNI	28 (38.4)	32 (18.2)	0.001a	11 (32.4)	17 (23.3)	0.321
Hypoglycemic therapy
Use of biguanides	34 (46.6)	86 (48.9)	0.742	16 (47.1)	34 (46.6)	0.963
Use of DPP-ⅣI	15 (20.5)	39 (22.2)	0.779	10 (29.4)	12 (16.4)	0.122
Use of SGLT-2I	18 (24.7)	48 (27.3)	0.67	10 (29.4)	12 (16.4)	0.122
Use of GLP-1RA	2 (2.7)	6 (3.4)	0.569	1 (2.9)	0	0.318
Use of insulin	19 (26)	40 (22.7)	0.577	11 (32.4)	14 (19.2)	0.134
Diabetes-related complications
CAD	16 (21.9)	23 (13.1)	0.08	8 (23.5)	7 (9.6)	0.053
Peripheral vascular disease	57 (78.1)	121 (68.8)	0.138	31 (91.2)	52 (71.2)	0.021a
Retinopathy	20 (27.4)	10 (5.7)	0.001	11 (32.4)	7 (9.6)	0.003a
Peripheral neuropathy	44 (60.30)	85 (48.3)	0.085	26 (76.5)	45 (61.6)	0.131
Autonomic neuropathy	26 (35.6)	56 (31.8)	0.562	12 (35.2)	23 (31.5)	0.697
Diabetic foot	2 (2.7)	1 (0.6)	0.206	1 (2.9)	0	0.318
Laboratory indexes
HbA1c	9,1 (7,10.68)	8.5 (6.9,10.4)	0.727	9.55 (2.52)	8.2 (1.93)	0.1
TC, mmol/L	4.7 (1.78)	4.41 (1.64)	0.409	5.18 ± 1.45	4.80 ± 1.11	0.133
TG, mmol/L	1.81 (1.94)	1.4 (1.26)	0.023a	1.86 (1.09)	1.69 (1.28)	0.218
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.64 (1.80)	2.8 (1.44)	0.47	3.20 ± 1.19	2.93 ± 1.01	0.223
HDL-C, mmol/L	0.93 (0.28)	0.93 (0.3)	0.201	1.07 (0.29)	1.04 (0.26)	0.928
UA, mol/L	430.66 ± 109.886	374.31 ± 97.411	0.000a	389.10 ± 153.42	349.42 ± 89.48	0.175
Fasting C-peptide, ng/mL	0.65 (0.51)	0.53 (0.41)	0.008a	0.61 (0.68)	0.6 (0.36)	0.363
Sex hormones
Testosterone, nmol/L	16.85 (10.89)	16.56 (10.00)	0.749	0.78 (0.4)	0.81 (0.44)	0.913
DHEAS, mol/L	3.73 (3.93)	3.96 (3.04)	0.775	2.08 ± 1.21	2.04 ± 1.38	0.891
Androstenedione, nmol/L	3.33 (3.30)	3.28 (3.2)	0.565	1.57 (1.76)	1.28 (1.41)	0.295
E2, pmol/L	119 (69.75)	104 (54.5)	0.008a	46 (27)	37 (14)	0.085
LH, mIU/mL	5.27 (3.69)	4.31 (3.47)	0.016a	23.85 (27.33)	15.97 (9.48)	0.000a
FSH, mIU/mL	6.57 (5.62)	6.7 (6.51)	0.541	59.58 (29.77)	45.45 (19.51)	0.000a
Renal function indexes
BUN, mmol/L	6.35 (3.3)	5.62 (2.01)	0.000a	7.40 (4.57)	5.35 (1.73)	0.000a
Creatinine, mol/L	81.7 (49.8)	65.1 (16.2)	0.000a	76 (56.85)	51.35 (14.33)	0.000a
eGFR	90.69 (51.60)	104.92 (21.5)	0.000a	69.75 (54.51)	98.89 (13.01)	0.000a
CysC, mg/L	1.19 (0.59)	0.99 (0.24)	0.000a	1.33 (1.04)	0.97 (0.24)	0.000a
UACR, mg/g	111.52 (467.92)	12.84 (8.59)	0.000a	167.85 (847.44)	17.32 (10.61)	0.000a
24hUARE, mg/24 hours	115.5 (269.1)	13.9 (7.3)	0.000a	80.8 (275.45)	11.95 (6.48)	0.000a

^aP < 0.05.

24hUARE: 24-hour urinary albumin excretion rate; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACR: Albumin creatinine ratio; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BMI: Body mass index; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CysC: Cystatin C; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; DHEAS: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DKD: Diabetic kidney disease; DPP-IVI: Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor; E2: Estradiol; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone; GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LH: Luteinizing hormone; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SGLT-2I: Sodium-glucosecotrasporter-2 inhibitor; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Total triglyceride; UA: Uric acid.