Diabetic bone fragility through advanced glycation end product-collagen axis: Mechanisms and therapy of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111813

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2025; 16(10): 111813
Published online Oct 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111813

Table 1 Fracture risk estimates from the key cohort/meta-analyses of type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Ref.	Design and population	Sample size	Fracture endpoint	Effect estimate (95%CI)	Diabetes type
Emanuelsson et al[29]	United Kingdom Biobank + Copenhagen, Mendelian randomization + observational study	507428	Fragility fracture	T1DM: HR = 1.50 (95%CI: 1.19-1.88); T2DM: HR = 1.22 (95%CI: 1.13-1.32)	T1DM; T2DM
Zoulakis et al[1]	Swedish elderly female cohort study	3008	Any fracture	HR = 1.26 (95%CI: 1.04-1.54)	T2DM
Champakanath et al[6]	University of Colorado CACTI cohort	1416	Osteoporotic fracture	HR = 1.08 (95%CI: 1.02-1.04)	T1DM

CACTI: Coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes; CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratio; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Citation: Li ZP, Luo C, Yu XM, Ye LY, Sun D, Duan CZ, Xu SY, Zeng MQ, Xu H, Peng ZY, Wang P, Wang YB, Ruan WJ, Xue ME, Zhang CJ, He DJ. Diabetic bone fragility through advanced glycation end product-collagen axis: Mechanisms and therapy of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(10): 111813
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i10/111813.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111813

Li ZP, Luo C, Yu XM, Ye LY, Sun D, Duan CZ, Xu SY, Zeng MQ, Xu H, Peng ZY, Wang P, Wang YB, Ruan WJ, Xue ME, Zhang CJ, He DJ. Diabetic bone fragility through advanced glycation end product-collagen axis: Mechanisms and therapy of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(10): 111813 [PMID: 41113476 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111813]

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