Serum alpha-1-microglobulin as a predictor of multiple complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Table 2 The associations between serum alpha-1-microglobulin level and the risk of complications occurrence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Complications		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
		OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
DN	Continuous (per SD)	3.31 (2.99, 3.67)	< 0.001	2.89 (2.60, 3.21)	< 0.001	1.84 (1.62, 2.10)	< 0.001
	Quartiles (Q1-Q4)
	Q1	Reference		Reference		Reference
	Q2	1.39 (1.16, 1.67)	< 0.001	1.17 (0.97, 1.41)	0.108	1.08 (0.88, 1.31)	0.470
	Q3	2.13 (1.79, 2.54)	< 0.001	1.72 (1.43, 2.07)	< 0.001	1.28 (1.05, 1.56)	0.014
	Q4	7.90 (6.61, 9.46)	< 0.001	5.90 (4.88, 7.15)	< 0.001	2.47 (1.96, 3.12)	< 0.001
	P for trend	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
DR	Continuous (per SD)	1.40 (1.32, 1.49)	< 0.001	1.32 (1.24, 1.41)	< 0.001	1.17 (1.07, 1.28)	< 0.001
	Quartiles (Q1-Q4)
	Q1	Reference		Reference		Reference
	Q2	1.26 (1.06, 1.50)	0.009	1.11 (0.93, 1.33)	0.247	1.11 (0.92, 1.33)	0.287
	Q3	1.55 (1.31, 1.84)	< 0.001	1.33 (1.11, 1.59)	0.002	1.23 (1.02, 1.49)	0.031
	Q4	2.58 (2.19, 3.05)	< 0.001	2.08 (1.74, 2.49)	< 0.001	1.61 (1.29, 2.01)	< 0.001
	P for trend	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
DPN	Continuous (per SD)	1.41 (1.31, 1.53)	< 0.001	1.21 (1.12, 1.30)	< 0.001	1.14 (1.03, 1.27)	0.014
	Quartiles (Q1-Q4)
	Q1	Reference		Reference		Reference
	Q2	1.30 (1.11, 1.53)	0.001	1.02 (0.85, 1.22)	0.835	1.01 (0.83, 1.22)	0.956
	Q3	1.47 (1.25, 1.73)	< 0.001	1.09 (0.91, 1.31)	0.339	0.98 (0.79, 1.20)	0.812
	Q4	2.54 (2.14, 3.02)	< 0.001	1.64 (1.36, 1.90)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.11, 1.87)	0.005
	P for trend	< 0.001		< 0.001		0.043
LVH	Continuous (per SD)	1.38 (1.30, 1.47)	< 0.001	1.35 (1.26, 1.44)	< 0.001	1.28 (1.18, 1.38)	< 0.001
	Quartiles (Q1-Q4)
	Q1	Reference		Reference		Reference
	Q2	1.01 (0.85, 1.20)	0.889	1.06 (0.88, 1.29)	0.522	0.98 (0.81, 1.19)	0.863
	Q3	1.26 (1.07, 1.50)	0.007	1.21 (1.01, 1.47)	0.043	1.08 (0.89, 1.31)	0.459
	Q4	2.01 (1.71, 2.37)	< 0.001	1.90 (1.58, 2.30)	< 0.001	1.48 (1.18, 1.84)	< 0.001
	P for trend	< 0.001		< 0.001		0.001

Model 1: Unadjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and coronary heart disease (CHD); Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, SBP, DBP, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, CHD, antihypertensive drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, antidiabetic drugs, fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, white blood cell, C-reactive protein, and left ventricular ejection fraction. DN: Diabetic nephropathy; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; DPN: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy.