Serum alpha-1-microglobulin as a predictor of multiple complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111548

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2025; 16(10): 111548
Published online Oct 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111548

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by quartiles, n (%)

Characteristic	Overall (n = 5045)	Q1 (n = 1262)	Q2 (n = 1265)	Q3 (n = 1258)	Q4 (n = 1260)	P value
Sex (male)	2855 (56.59)	602 (47.70)	751 (59.37)	720 (57.23)	782 (62.06)	< 0.001
Age (year)	55.00 (46.00, 64.00)	52.00 (42.25, 61.00)	54.00 (45.00, 63.00)	55.00 (46.25, 64.00)	57.00 (50.00, 67.00)	< 0.001
Smoking	1861 (36.89)	368 (29.16)	491 (38.81)	477 (37.92)	525 (41.67)	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption	1763 (34.95)	372 (29.48)	466 (36.84)	448 (35.61)	477 (37.86)	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	129.00 (117.00, 141.00)	125.00 (113.00, 137.00)	128.00 (116.00, 138.00)	130.00 (118.00, 142.00)	134.00 (120.00, 149.00)	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	80.00 (72.00, 89.00)	79.00 (71.00, 87.00)	80.00 (72.00, 88.00)	80.00 (72.00, 89.75)	81.00 (73.00, 90.00)	< 0.001
Hypertension	3368 (66.76)	663 (52.54)	802 (63.40)	874 (69.48)	1029 (81.67)	< 0.001
Hyperlipidaemia	3173 (62.89)	709 (56.18)	837 (66.17)	825 (65.58)	802 (63.65)	< 0.001
CHD	1538 (30.49)	322 (25.52)	370 (29.25)	387 (30.76)	459 (36.43)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.39 (22.04, 26.67)	23.76 (21.30, 26.05)	24.46 (22.21, 26.70)	24.65 (22.34, 27.05)	24.56 (22.48, 26.95)	< 0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	7.77 (6.12, 10.04)	7.22 (5.61, 9.50)	7.75 (6.13, 9.83)	7.94 (6.24, 10.40)	8.15 (6.47, 10.39)	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	7.65 (6.40, 9.35)	7.15 (6.10, 9.00)	7.50 (6.40, 9.10)	7.75 (6.50, 9.40)	8.15 (6.85, 9.70)	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.53 (3.83, 5.28)	4.50 (3.79, 5.22)	4.54 (3.83, 5.28)	4.55 (3.88, 5.25)	4.52 (3.81, 5.38)	0.247
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.79 (2.32, 3.31)	2.74 (2.27, 3.24)	2.81 (2.34, 3.35)	2.82 (2.36, 3.30)	2.81 (2.30, 3.37)	0.052
TG (mmol/L)	1.55 (1.10, 2.29)	1.27 (0.91, 1.89)	1.54 (1.11, 2.26)	1.62 (1.18, 2.41)	1.81 (1.29, 2.59)	< 0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.12 (0.95, 1.32)	1.19 (1.00, 1.41)	1.12 (0.95, 1.31)	1.10 (0.95, 1.27)	1.08 (0.92, 1.27)	< 0.001
WBC (10⁹/L)	6.32 (5.29, 7.54)	5.86 (4.85, 7.13)	6.22 (5.23, 7.37)	6.37 (5.40, 7.54)	6.80 (5.71, 8.08)	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)	2.92 (1.19, 9.94)	2.35 (0.99, 6.94)	2.35 (1.07, 7.21)	2.97 (1.20, 9.56)	4.38 (1.68, 18.99)	< 0.001
AST (IU/L)	21.40 (17.95, 26.60)	22.00 (18.20, 27.15)	21.80 (18.20, 26.85)	21.40 (18.00, 27.09)	20.55 (17.20, 25.06)	< 0.001
ALT (IU/L)	20.30 (15.00, 29.25)	20.85 (15.22, 30.70)	21.50 (16.00, 30.20)	20.70 (15.40, 30.58)	18.40 (13.70, 26.33)	< 0.001
UA (μmol/L)	332.50 (275.00, 399.50)	297.00 (248.39, 353.08)	324.00 (268.00, 379.50)	335.00 (282.00, 393.00)	386.00 (320.75, 455.25)	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m²)	96.31 (78.33, 109.40)	105.94 (95.44, 117.22)	101.10 (91.13, 112.08)	95.30 (81.28, 107.61)	65.27 (41.86, 89.28)	< 0.001
LVEF (%)	64.00 (60.00, 67.00)	64.00 (61.00, 68.00)	64.00 (60.00, 67.00)	64.00 (60.00, 67.00)	63.00 (59.00, 67.00)	< 0.001
Antihypertensive drugs	1040 (20.61)	196 (15.53)	245 (19.37)	282 (22.42)	317 (25.16)	< 0.001
Lipid-lowering drugs	1264 (25.05)	285 (22.58)	304 (24.03)	345 (27.42)	330 (26.19)	0.024
Antidiabetic drugs	1389 (27.53)	321 (25.44)	332 (26.25)	374 (29.73)	362 (28.73)	0.051
DN	1997 (39.58)	282 (22.35)	362 (28.62)	478 (38.00)	875 (69.44)	< 0.001
DR	1772 (35.12)	331 (26.23)	391 (30.91)	447 (35.53)	603 (47.86)	< 0.001
DPN	3351 (66.42)	727 (57.61)	808 (63.87)	839 (66.69)	977 (77.54)	< 0.001
LVH	1685 (33.40)	355 (28.13)	359 (28.38)	416 (33.07)	555 (44.05)	< 0.001
α1-MG (mg/L)	26.10 (21.61, 33.10)	19.02 (17.10, 20.49)	23.80 (22.70, 25.00)	29.13 (27.50, 30.86)	40.87 (36.26, 50.80)	-

Values are presented as median and interquartile range [25%, 75%].

SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; CHD: Coronary heart disease; BMI: Body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated haemoglobin; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WBC: White blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; DN: Diabetic nephropathy; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; DPN: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy; α1-MG: Alpha-1-microglobulin.

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Citation: Ge LC, Zhang YL, Peng GL, Long M, Jin T, Lu B, Shao JQ, Li X. Serum alpha-1-microglobulin as a predictor of multiple complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(10): 111548
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i10/111548.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111548

Ge LC, Zhang YL, Peng GL, Long M, Jin T, Lu B, Shao JQ, Li X. Serum alpha-1-microglobulin as a predictor of multiple complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(10): 111548 [PMID: 41113477 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111548]

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