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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2025; 16(10): 111309
Published online Oct 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i10.111309
Table 2 Maternal and fetal complications of gestational diabetes mellitus

Maternal
Fetal
Short termPreeclampsiaMacrosomia
Preterm deliveryShoulder dystocia
Caesarean sectionPerinatal mortality
Failure to progress in labour and instrumental deliveryAdmission to NICU
Neonatal hypoglycaemia
Hyperbilirubinaemia
Long termRecurrent GDM in subsequent pregnanciesType 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetesObesity
Cardiovascular disease


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