Advances in gestational diabetes mellitus screening: Emerging trends and future directions

Table 1 Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus

Risk factors
Overweight or obese adults (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, ≥ 23 kg/m2 for Asians) with at least one of the following risk factors:
History of diabetes in a first-degree relative
High-risk race or ethnicity (e.g., African American, Latin American)
History of cardiovascular disease
HDL cholesterol level < 35 mg/dL (< 0.9 mmol/L) and/or triglyceride level > 250 mg/dL (> 2.8 mmol/L)
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Physical inactivity
Other clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance (obesity, acanthosis nigricans)
Prediabetes (HbA1c ≥ 5.7%) and impaired fasting and glucose tolerance
Individuals previously diagnosed with GDM
Individuals afflicted with HIV, those utilizing medications that elevate the risk of diabetes, and those with a history of pancreatitis. Additionally, ACOG:
History of birth over 4000 g
Hypertension (140/90 mmHg or those taking antihypertensive medication)

Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus[5]. BMI: Body mass index; HDL: High density lipoprotein; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; ACOG: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.