Role of automated insulin delivery in managing insulin-treated outpatients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Comparison of the efficacy outcomes in the automated insulin delivery vs the control arms at the end of the studies

Outcome variables (continuous)	Type of the randomized trial	Number of study reports	Number of participants with outcome analyzed		Pooled effect size, mean differences (95%CI)	P value	I2 (%)
			Automated insulin delivery arm	Control arm
TAR > 10 mmol/L (%)	All	5	294	186	-19.48 (-27.14 to -11.82)	< 0.00001	73
	Crossover	3	69	68	-20.69 (-33.35 to -8.03)	0.001	79
	Parallel-group	2	225	118	-18.38 (-31.42 to -5.35)	0.006	73
TAR > 13.9 mmol/L (%)	All	4	268	160	-8.33 (-12.89 to -3.77)	0.0003	71
	Crossover	2	43	42	-8.05 (-17.70 to 1.61)	0.10	79
	Parallel-group	2	225	118	-11.71 (-23.51 to 0.08)	0.05	73
TAR > 20 mmol/L (%)	Crossover	2	52	51	-4.39 (-6.79 to -1.98)	0.0004	0
TBR < 3.9 mmol/L (%)	All	5	294	186	-0.07 (-0.21 to 0.08)	0.37	22
	Crossover	3	69	68	-0.17 (-0.42 to 0.09)	0.20	32
	Parallel-group	2	225	118	0.00 (-0.09 to 0.09)	0.99	0
TBR < 3 mmol/L (%)	All	5	294	186	-0.01 (-0.03 to 0.02)	0.57	39
	Crossover	3	69	68	-0.03 (-0.09 to 0.03)	0.32	69
	Parallel-group	2	225	118	0.00 (-0.02 to 0.02)	1.00	0
Mean SG (mmol/L)	All	5	451	335	-1.21 (-1.93 to -0.49)	0.001	83
	Crossover	3	69	68	-1.82 (-3.34 to -0.30)	0.02	84
	Parallel-group	2	382	267	-0.66 (-1.34 to 0.03)	0.06	81
SD of SG (mmol/L)	Crossover	3	69	68	-0.40 (-0.64 to -0.15)	0.001	0
Coefficient of variation of glucose (%)	All	5	294	186	0.91 (-1.04 to 2.87)	0.36	68
	Crossover	3	69	68	0.51 (-2.90 to 3.93)	0.77	77
	Parallel-group	2	225	118	1.35 (-0.27 to 2.97)	0.10	17
Time using continuous glucose monitoring sensor (%)	Crossover	3	69	68	2.80 (1.55-4.05)	< 0.0001	13
TDDI (U)	All	6	458	344	-5.45 (-22.20 to 11.29)	0.52	74
	Crossover	3	69	68	13.24 (-11.64 to 38.12)	0.30	65
	Parallel-group	3	389	276	-21.07 (-30.15 to -11.99)	< 0.00001	0
TDDI (U/kg)	All	3	262	150	-0.04 (-0.20 to 0.11)	0.59	53
	Crossover	2	52	51	0.06 (-0.20 to 0.32)	0.67	50
	Parallel-group	1	210	99	-0.13 (-0.24 to -0.02)	0.02	Not reported

SG: Sensor glucose; TAR: Time above range; TBR: Time below range; TDDI: Total daily dose of insulin.